Descartes, Leibniz, And Spinoza Essay -- essays research papers

If these great thinkers (Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz) were to discuss instead the souls connection to the body, what might each put forward (both on his own behalf and in response to the other)? Would they find any places where they might agree? If not, why not? (These are, after all, smart guys)Though this sort of contact would strike me as a debate with as furiously disparate and uncompromising ideals as one would find in a meeting of Andrew Weil, Jerry Falwell, and David Duke, I expect that the philosophers would find some surprisingly common ground. Descartes, the Christian outcast, Spinoza, the Jewish outcast, and Leibniz, the creative mathematician all acknowledge that what we know better than anything is the mind. Given this, we can recoup that any knowledge we acquire of our perceived bodies does not necessarily relate to some external reality, physical substance, or biological bodies. However, from this point on the trey scholars meander off in separate definitive ar guments.Descartes reasons in Meditations on the First Philosophy In Which the Existence of God and the Distinction Between estimate and Body are Demonstrated that mind and body are real, extant, and separate products of God. He does this by suggesting that if the body were not real, then God would be deceiving us, which is flimsy from a perfect god. He also arrives at a proof for his minds existence by postulating the famous cogito, ...

The Scafolding Vs. The Forest Essay -- essays research papers

Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter, a dark tale of sin and redemption, centers on the small puritan community of Boston during the seventeenth century. In the center of this bustling community is the market place. With in it are all the central features of the town, the most symbolic of these is the scaffold. many an(prenominal) a soul is scarred upon this scaffold. It is a place of intense scrutiny and upon it, verity comes into a brutal light. In exceptional contrast to the scaffold is the quality beyond the town. Here, there is no judgement and reality waxes and wanes. Hawthorne creates this place for the characters to escape and themselves without restraint or worry. The comparison is clear the market place, especially the scaffold, represents the harsh reality of Puritan society and the forest provides escape. The scaffold is the center of criticism. Here, any unfortunate soul to climb the stairs is subject to the superficial examination by the eye of society. Those be low the scaffold see a light of the character distorted by their own jealousies and suspicions, and clouded by gossip. Where the truth may be insufferable to them, it is substituted by things society coerced them to believe. Those on the scaffold experience reality. The only comfort is the ability to see beyond the town from this pernicious pedestal. As Hester spends her allotted magazine in the spotlight, her mind escapes as she gazes off into the distance. But while some are able to escape, others such as Dimmesd...

Grow Little Cell Grow! Investigating Neurogenesis Essay -- Biology Ess

Grow Little Cell Grow Investigating NeurogenesisNeurogenesis, the production of new nerve cells, has been a new finding as nerve formation has always been thought to end with adulthood. It has not been until recently that such dogma has been contradicted as research findings report that neurogenesis continues in the genus Hippocampus throughout most of the adult life of mammals and primates (1). Recent correlations have been further made between neurogenesis and depression as the latter depletes neuron cells in the brain while antidepressive drugs have demonstrated to increase neuronal growth (2). Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system as they are liable for the input, processing and transmission of information. Neurons are derived from stem cells as the latter differentiate into specialized cells and make progenitor cells which are responsible for the formation of neuron and glial cells. Although the majority of neurons are formed during the pre-natal and perinata l stage of development, neuron formation continues in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (2). The hippocampus, which lies beneath the cortex is a major factor of learning and memory formation and can indirectly influence emotion. Progenitor cells which are present in the sub ventricular zone of the hippocampus are responsible for such growth as they produce daughter neuron cells through division (2). In the 1960s, Joseph Altman from MIT reported that new neurons were being produced in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of adult rat brains. Although such findings were groundbreaking, they failed to create the stir that Elizabeth Goulds 1998 study caused . The Princeton University neurobiologist demonstrated that the marmoset b... ...is is a complex issue with an array of possibilities for the future. elevate investigations will have to answer some of the questions and issued raised. Sources(1)The Scientist Magazine , Human neurogenesis. Group demonstrates that adult human brain s grow new cells after all. http//www.the-scientist.com/(2)American Scientist Magazine, Depression and the Birth and closing of Brain Cells. http//www.sigmaxi.org/amsci/articles/00articles/Jacobs.html(3)National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association, Antidepressants and Brain Cell Growth. http//ndma.com/web05/web9152.htm(4) Neuroscience for Kids, New Neurons in Neocortex? New Study Says NO http//faculty.washington.edu/chudler/newneu.html(5)National Institute of Mental Health, Learning From Songbirds About magnanimous Brain Generation. (6) The Scientist Magazine. http//www.the-scientist.com/

Active Directory User Groups Implementation :: Active Directory (AD) Implementation

Active Directory substance abuser Groups ImplementationSynopsis of Proposal concomitant to the Active Directory (AD) implementation discussion, this proposal addresses possible user accounts and group organizations for Riordan Manufacturing. This document discusses user and group accounts available through AD, and addresses possible implementation plans for the parent compass of riordanmanufacturing.com. These plans could also be implemented in the child domains for the four Riordan facilities, though addressing the actual implementations for those sites falls beyond the scope of this document.Users and Groups AD recognizes several types of accounts. User accounts tinge to individual system users. Groups refer to user groupings based on function, need, department, or any number of criteria set by the company and/or the system administrator. User accounts fall into two categories domain user accounts and local user accounts. topical anaesthetic user accounts define us ers to local computers with resource regain restricted to resources associated with that local computer. Local user accounts cannot access any other resources inside the domain. Domain user accounts contain information that defines users to the domain, AD stores this information, and the information is replicated to the domain controller. User groups further set and assign permissions for security and access to domain resources. Local groups represent a collection of local users on a single server or computer, with permissions depute only to resources associated with that single server or computer. Domain local groups represent a collection of domain user accounts or groups specific to the local domain, with permissions to access resources specific to the local domain. Global groups also contain user accounts or groups from the local domain, but these groups permission can define access to all domains within the AD tree. Universal groups can contain users from any domain i n the AD tree, with permissions set accordingly.Group Configuration and Nesting Presuming Riordan follows the multiple domain design previously discussed, a good strategy for Riordan would be to incorporate domain local groups, global groups, and universal groups. Universal groups would be reserved for widely-used groups that are fairly unruffled in nature. In order to provide the most flexible user and group configurations, allowing for network growth and reducing the number of permission assignments, the following provides a guideline for groups and group nesting Global groups organized based on administrative needs

what woen could have been :: essays research papers

What Women Could Have Been?At the start of the 1900s womens separation was seen at every turn. In fact it was a long road of change that many egg-producing(prenominal)s faced and many tried to persevere. It was impossible for these women to break down these walls and barriers. For if they had perfect(a) female change in America the roles of females would have been much more different in society today. For these women I see a future all-encompassing of opportunity, had women been successful in their push to vote, their need for education, and proving their worth during the war effort. If any or all of these events happened that the women were so adamant about seeing change in, consequently their lives would have been drastically enhanced with changed. I feel that womens struggle for equality in todays society comes out of the inability to vote. end-to-end Susan Wares novel Letter to the World, voting is seen as catapult for fairness and equality. It is said that if women had the even off to vote that they would have voice and be open to involve themselves on the same playing field as men in the political arena. The fellow First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt said it best when she utter that Women must learn to play the games as men doThrowing mud from the outside wont help. If this message had successfully been seeded in the female publics mind and taken root then a true political movement would have taken place. In retrospect this would have given women the right to form groups, change laws, and become more then just the male societys doormat they. Education is another aspect vital for womens growth and if it had worked it would have almost entirely changed every facet of todays work force. If the average women would have got involved in helping touch on education a top priority, then education for women would have been entirely possible. If there were big groups and rallies of women behind the education reform, than there would have been a piecemeal accepta nce for education. Instead the reform was put into the hands of very few women such as Eleanor Roosevelt, Dorothy Thompson, and Margaret Mead. These women worked hard to push for their right to education in a world of male dominance and they would have succeeded had the rest of America got on board for the fight.

what woen could have been :: essays research papers

What Women Could Have Been?At the start of the 1900s womens separation was seen at all turn. In fact it was a long road of change that many pistillates faced and many tried to persevere. It was impossible for these women to break down these walls and barriers. For if they had accomplished female change in America the roles of females would adopt been much more different in society today. For these women I see a future full of opportunity, had women been prosperous in their push to vote, their need for reproduction, and proving their worth during the war effort. If any or all of these events happened that the women were so adamant about seeing change in, then their lives would have been drastically enhanced with changed. I feel that womens struggle for equality in todays society comes out of the inability to vote. Throughout Susan mathematical products novel Letter to the World, voting is seen as catapult for fairness and equality. It is said that if women had the right to vote that they would have voice and be able to consider themselves on the same playing field as men in the political arena. The fellow First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt said it best when she stated that Women essential learn to play the games as men doThrowing mud from the outside wont help. If this message had successfully been seeded in the female publics assessment and taken root then a true political movement would have taken place. In retrospect this would have given women the right to skeleton groups, change laws, and become more then just the male societys doormat they. Education is another aspect vital for womens harvest-tide and if it had worked it would have almost entirely changed every facet of todays work force. If the average women would have got involved in helping make education a top priority, then education for women would have been entirely possible. If there were big groups and rallies of women behind the education reform, than there would have been a gradual tolera tion for education. Instead the reform was put into the hands of very few women such as Eleanor Roosevelt, Dorothy Thompson, and Margaret Mead. These women worked hard to push for their right to education in a universe of discourse of male dominance and they would have succeeded had the rest of America got on board for the fight.

Linguistics and Language Teaching. Essay

Introduction verbiage may refer either to the itemally human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, or to a specific instance of such a system of complex communication. The scientific study of quarrel in any of its senses is called linguistics. Linguistic theory has traditionally considered native verbalizers as the only reliable source of linguistic data (Chomsky 1965).It is therefore non surprising to ? nd only a limited subject of works charge on non-native speakers prior to the 1990s. The ?rst attempt to put(non)nativism onto the centre stage of linguistic inquiry by challenging current undisputed assumptions on the matter was Paikedays (1985)The native speaker is dead , in which it is argued that the native speaker exists only as a ? gment of linguists imagination (Paikeday 1985 12). Paikeday suggested using the term professional person? cient user of a dustup to refer to all speakers who can successfully use it. A few years later, Rampton (19 90) similarly proposed the term expert speaker to embarrass all successful users of a language.Davies (1991, 2003) further delved into native speaker identity, and thus formulated the key question of whether a second language (L2) bookman can become a native speaker of the target language. His conclusion was that L2 learners can become native speaker of the target language and master the intuition, grammar, spontaneity, creativity, virtual(a) control, and interpreting quality of born native speakers. Generally, English educated Malaysians of all ethnic and family language background speak and move a exchangeable.However, with the implementation of the national language policy of Bahasa Malaysia as the national language of Malaysia and as the language of instruction, (except in the cases of Chinese or Tamil medium primary schools), the status of English lecture in Malaysia is incompatible from the earlier years.The English language covered a continuum from first-year language th rough second language to a remote language. Bahasa Malaysia is renew English in most of its previous functions, but English may be expected to remain as a continuum from second language to foreign language according to the background and occupation of the speaker.In Malaysia, presently the use of English is less common than in Singapore and is bidly to decrease steady with the implementation of the national language policy. However, English still remains as a language of considerable importance and is still being used in various spheres of everyday activity. The role of English has changed from its earlier status as the precise language of the colonial era and the decades after the Second World contend to a second language.At the moment, it is still considered as an international code to be used for diplomatic and commercial negotiations and as a language necessity in many fields of tertiary study and research. Not surprisingly, the non-native English language speakers among Ma laysians make grammatical mistakes from time to time. These usually happened among Malaysian adult students and nonwithstanding among some Malaysian English teachers. 1. The transcript of a recorded conversation. The following excerpt is a recorded conversation among teachers and will be analysed of the mistakes made by some teachers during discussion.Our discussion was on the quality and effectiveness of a programme called Program Penutur Jati or English Language Teacher Development Project (ELTP). Briefly, the count on of the project is to enhance the lower primary ESL teachers ability to plan and deliver quality English lessons based on the new National English Language Curriculum in 600 schools across East Malaysia. The teachers involved in discussion come from various races, ethnic groups, ages and teaching experiences. Kamel That is my opinion. I dont realize yours. Ok. Chairperson I agree . laugh Kamel But , as I said just now.I dont like that the fixture.. ok. For exa mple aaaa as my mentor come to our school .. every Monday ok.. my house start at nine oclock. 7. 30.. that loaded ane and half hour include the preparation for my lesson, so I dont think that I have an ample time for me to prep atomic number 18 the things ok . Moreover, the one hour and one and half hour is the .. for all to prep atomic number 18.. the whole week not only , the one day. So I dont think that will be effective. Chairperson Emmmm Kamel So Chairperson Did you tell him about it? Kamel Aaaaaa So far not yet. Chairperson Do you have the chance to talk about it.Kamel Because, I dont have any.. I dont have the opportunity to.. Chairperson Then, you should tell him. Kamel I was thinking. Why dont the mentors like them to be .. have qualification in teaching, so that they can come to the trainee teachers training college rather than Chairperson For your information, ahh Chairperson Overall, it seems to be working with you Naga The ideas (cough) is good and differe nt he is friendly. Chairperson So.. ahh. If supposing .. You have a mentor to this.. who doesnt speak.. doesnt speak like Morrocan.Alright Naemah Yehhh Chairperson Right.. Alright, if.. Chairperson Who? Chairperson Madam soja bean? She is from where? Others Bulgaria.. (together) Chairperson Bulgaria? Does she have the accent? Chairperson What do you think? Do you think 2. Common grammatical mistakes and wrongdoings by non-native English speakers. The types of illusions can be reason into both descriptive and surface structures. Descriptive errors include noun phrase, verb phrase and complex sentence. While surface structure errors include omission, addition, misinformation, misordering and blends.After analysing the recorded conversation, there are few mistakes or errors made by Mr. Kamel during the said discussion. a. The use of unmarked forms instead of marked forms is far more frequent, as can be seen in the examples as follows. * I dont know yours. * I dont know about you. * .. as I said just now. * .. as I have said just now. One possible cause of these errors is merely interlingual errors which is the result of mother spit influences Saya tak tahu awak punya and seperti yang saya kata tadi. respectively.In his article, A Role for the commence Tongue in Language Transfer in Language Learning, Professor Corder (1981) reinvestigated the phenomenon and questions the term transfer. He suggests that mother diction influence as a neutral and broader term to refer to what has most commonly been called transfer. Corder says that since most studies of error were made on the basis of the performance of learners in formal situations where it appears that errors related to mother tongue are more frequent, it was natural that an explanation of the phenomenon was of considerable concern to the apply linguistic.It was out of this concern that the whole industry of contrastive studies arose. He also claims that as far as the acquisition of syntactic know ledge is concerned, no process appropriately called interference takes place, if by that we mean that the mother tongue actually inhibits, prevents, or makes more difficult the acquisition of some feature of the target language. The term interference is now most often used to mean what is no more than the presence in the learners performance in the target language of mother-tongue-like features which are incorrect according to the rules of the target language.b. Obviously. Mr. Kamel has the puzzle in pronouncing certain words especially in the pronunciation of the initial sound of common words like the, there, then and that. It is also the middle amenable sound in feather and the nett sound of bathe. These sounds are formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth. The initial sound of that and the final sound of both are both voiceless dental. This problem arises because Mr Kamels tongue is not merely touches the teeth. Thus, his pronunciation of these rangeicular words are incorrect.Besides, trouble in phonology can caused by mother tongue interference. Eltrug (1984) affirmed that mother tongue interference can contribute to a large number of pronunciation errors made by students. An English sound does exist in the native language, but not as separate phonemes. This simply means the first language speakers do not perceive it as a distinct sound that makes difference to signification. For example The sound /? / does exist in Malay, but whether the vowel is long or short does not make any difference in significance.For instance, the English phonemes/? / and /i/ differ very much in meaning as in the words leave and live, sheep and ship. The great amount of vocabulary of English really makes the second language learner ingest in reading. There is a lot of words unknown and the most confusing express is even the second language learner know the meaning but they cant really understand the meaning of the whole sentence. It is because an English wo rd gives different impressions in different situations. This makes things so confusing about the meaning of the word.Grammatical interference is defined as the first language influencing the second in terms of word order, use of pronouns and determinants, tense and mood. Interference at a lexical level provides for the borrowing of words from one language and converting them to sound more natural in another and orthographic interference includes the recite of one language altering another. In Malay grammar, it does not require one to have any form of determiner in front of instruments like computer, piano, internet.English grammar, however, requires the instruments mentioned above (computer, piano, internet) to be preceded by determiners and if neither a possessive determiner nor a demonstrative determiner is used, the use of either a defined article or an indefinite article is necessary. Thus, the ungrammatical sentences in could be the result of interference of the cultural tran sfer from Malay language structure on English. Erroneous form Correct form She plays piano while I sing. Malay Dia bermain piano sementara saya menyanyi. She plays the piano while I sing She stay at home.Malay Dia tinggal di rumah She stays at home. Table 1 Examples of interference from the learners first language. c. Subjects also exhibited errors in subject-verb agreement as is shown in the examples as follows * Every Monday, my class start at nine oclock. * Every Monday, my class starts at nine oclock. The omission of -s can be attributed to the accompaniment that Bahasa Malaysia does not require verbs to agree with subjects. However, the ending free form is generalised for all persons to make the learning task easier and this is a common intralingual made by people with diverse native languages like Mr Kamel.3. Causes and sources of errors and mistakes Interlingual errors are the result of mother tongue influences. Learners transfer/borrow some forms but not others due to two factors such as proto-typicality and language distance (Kellerman, 1979). Malay learners of English commonly make errors in negative sentences. For example Adryna no coming today. Adryna tak datang hari ini. Such errors are common in pre-verbal negation using no, the same negative construction as in their L1.In order to determine whether transfer is the cause for the occurrence of errors, jam (1998), demonstrates that learners with a particular L1 make an error that those with a different L1 do not. He provides a useful summary of these strategies which includes the following a. False analogy b. Misanalysis c. incomplete rule application exploiting redundancy d. Overlooking co-occurrence restrictions e. System-simplification It is not clear which strategy is responsible for a particular error. Errors can also be viewed as natural or as induced. For example a. He played football yesterday.b. He goed home at six. c. He drinked milk. d. He eated dinner. e. He sleeped at eight. C onclusion To conclude, learners errors are a part of the learners language learning process. Hence, teachers should not penalise students for the errors they made. Instead, teachers should note those errors and devise ways to assist learners to overcome their problems in language learning. It is difficult to decide whether grammatically or acceptability should serve as the criterion for error analysis. If grammatically is chosen, an error can be defined as breach of the rule of the code (Corder, 1967).Defining errors in terms of grammatically also necessitates giving consideration to the distinction between overt and covert error In the field of methodology, there are two schools of thought with regard to learners error. Firstly, the school which maintains that if we were to achieve a perfect teaching method, the errors would have never be committed and therefore the occurrence of errors is merely a sign of inadequacy in our teaching techniques. The philosophy of the second school i s that we live in an fragile world and consequently errors will always occur in spite of our very best teaching and learningmethods.One effect has been perhaps to commove the emphasis away from a preoccupation with teaching towards a study of learning. The differences between the two are clearly defined that the learning of the mother tongue is natural, whereas, we all know that there is no such inevitability about the learning of a second language that the learning of the mother tongue is part of the whole maturational process of the child, whilst learning a second language normally begins only after the maturational process is complete.A childs incorrect utterances can be interpreted as being evidence that he is in the process of acquiring language and the errors provide these evidences. Brown and Frazer (1964), point out that the best evidence a child possesses construction rules is the occurrence of systematic errors, since when the child speaks correctly, it is quite possible that he is only repeating something that he has heard. In the case of the second language learner, it is known that we do know some knowledge of what the input has been which we call as the syllabus.The simple fact of presenting a certain linguistic form to a learner in the classroom does not necessarily qualify it for the status of input, for the reason that input is what goes in, not what is available for going in, and we may reasonably suppose that it is the learner who controls this input. This may well be determined by the characteristics of his language acquisition mechanism and not by those of the syllabus. References Mariam Mohd Nor, Abdul Halim Ibrahim, Shubbiah, R (2008). OUM-Linguistics and Language Teaching. Seri Kembangan, Selangor.Open University Malaysia. Corder, S. P. (1967). The significance of learners errors. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 5, 161-70. Corder, S. P. (1981). Error analysis and interlanguage. Oxford Oxford University Press. Ames, C. (19 98). Errors in language learning and use Exploring error analysis. London Longman. Kellerman, E. (1979). Transfer and non-transfer Where are we now? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 2 37-57. Eltrug, N. S. (1984). Analysis of the Arab Learners Errors in Pronunciation of English Utterances in Isolation and Context.Ph. D Dissertation. The University of Kansas. Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax . Cambridge, MA MIT Press Paikeday, T. (1985). The native speaker is dead Toronto Paikeday Publishing. Rampton, M. B. H. (1990). Displacing the native speaker Expertise, af? liation, and inheritance. ELT Journal 44. 2, 97101. Davies, A. (1991). The native speaker in applied linguistics . Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press. Davies, A. (2003). The native speaker of World Englishes. Journal of Pan-Paci? c Association of Applied Linguistics 6. 1, 4360

Anaerobic Digestion Technology For Treatment Of Distillery Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

In recent old ages at that place has been a turning involvement in anaerobiotic intervention of out run forings. Comp screw to aerobic growing, anaerobiotic agitation produces a lot less biomass from the same sum of turn in remotion. Alcohol stillness is extremely H2O intense units adopt forthing big volumes of uplifted strength effluent that poses solemn environmental jobs. anaerobic digestion is the most(prenominal) suited option for intervention of lavishly strength organic fertilizer sewer water. The presence of biodegradable constituents in the wastewaters coupled with the advantages. Considerable advancement has been achieved in the development of eminent yard anaerobiotic nuclear reactors with several constellations for handling concent driftd industrial wastewater. Considerable sum of surveies have carried out utilizing Hybrid up-f blue anaerobic goo coer ( HUASB ) reactors. Treatment of exhausted wash gene appreciated from the distilleries is perceived as on e of the serious pollution job of the states bring forthing intoxi commodet from the agitation and subsequent distillment of sugar cane molasses. Distillery wastewater is a contaminated watercourse with jaw values of up to 80000-1, 30,000 mg/l and scummy pH Valuess of between 3 to 4. The HUASBR is widely apply an effectual measure in taking the drive with a great efficiency.This paper reviews the suitableness and the position of development of anaerobiotic reactors for the digestion of selected organic wastewaters and critically analyzes the procedure parametric quantity for reactors and chief advantages of utilizing HUASBR for intervention of distillery effluent.Keywords HUASB reactor, anaerobiotic digestion, Distillery washed-out wash, Wastewater intervention parametric quantities.IntroductionOne of the most of import environmental jobs faced by the universe is burster of waste. Industrial processes create a assortment of effluent pollutants which are hard and dearly-won to handle. Wastewater features and degrees of pollutants vary significantly from industry to industry. Now-a-days accent is laid on waste minimisation and gross coevals through by-product recovery.Rapid industrialisation has resulted in the coevals of a big measure of wastewater with in high spirits organic content, which if treated appropriately, can ensue in a ageless beginning of energy 2 . In recent old ages, anaerobiotic effluent intervention has become a applied science of turning importance, particularly for extremely polluted effluent from the sugar & A distillery industries 5 . Distillery spent wash refers to the wastewater generated from intoxicant distilleries. On an mean 8-15 litres of wastewater is generated for each litre of intoxicant produced 1, 4 . India has about 319 distilleries bring forthing 3.25 billion litres of intoxicant and bring forthing 40.4 billion litres of effluent yearly 1 . The fabrication procedure involves agitation of diluted sugar cane molasses with barm. The agitation last about 80 hours and turn up merchandise contains 6-8 % intoxicant. The barm cells are separated by settling and cell free stock is steam distilled and rectified to obtain 94-95 % intoxicant 4 . The remnant of fermented mash which comes out as liquid waste is termed as exhausted wash 1 .The effluent generated from distillment of fermented mash is in the temperature scope 70-800c, dim brown in colour, acidic in nature ( low pH ) , and has high compactness of organic stuffs and solids. It is a really complex, caramelized and cumbrous agro industrial waste. but the pollution clog of the distillery wastewater depends on the measure of molasses, unit operations for processing of molasses and process recovery of intoxicants 1 .TABLE ( 1 ) exemplary features of distillery spent wash 4 .Sr. No.ParameterScope1.pH3.80-4.402.Sum Suspended Solids ( mg/lit. )12,000-14,0003.Entire Dissolved Solids ( mg/lit. )58,000-76,0004Entire volatile solids ( mg/lit. )45000-650005B.O.D.,200C, 5 yearss ( mg/lit. )45,000-60,0006C.O.D. ( mg/lit. )80,000-1,30,0007Raw-colourDark- brown8Chlorides ( mg/lit. )5000-8000Distillery spent wash has really high BOD, COD and high BOD/COD ratio. The sum of organic substances such(prenominal) as N, K, phosphates, Ca, sulphates is besides really high.. High COD entire N and entire phosphate content of the influent may ensue in eutrofication of the natural H2O organic structure. Disposal of the distillery spent wash on land is every crisp risky to the flora it is reported to cut follow out dirt alkanity and manages handiness, therefore populating seed sprouting. Application of distillery spent wash to dirty without comely monitoring, earnestly touch ons the land H2O quality by changing its physio chemic belongingss such as colour, pH, electric conduction overdue to leaching down of organic and inorganic ions.In malice of the fact of that there is the negative environmental impact associated with in dustrialisation, the consequence can be minimized and energy can be tapped by agencies of anaerobiotic digestion of the waste H2O 2 . Biological intervention of the distillery spent wash is 8 aerophilic and anaerobiotic but in most instances the crew of both is routined. A typical COD/BOD ratio of 1.8to1.9 indicates the suitableness of influent of biological intervention 1 .In recent twelvemonth considerable attending has been paid toward the development of reactor for anaerobiotic intervention of waste taking to transition of organic molecule into biogas. This reactor known as 2nd coevals reactor or hello rate digester can manage waste at a high organic take rate of 24kg. COD / M3 twenty-four hours and high up flow speed of 2 mm/h at a low hydraulic keepings nip off 2 .Anaerobic digestion is the most suited option for the intervention of high strength organic wastewaters. The presence of biodegradable constituents in the wastewaters coupled with the advantages of anaerobi otic procedure over opposite intervention methods makes it an attractive option.1.1 Development of Anaerobic Reactors1. Septic Tank2. Imhoff Tank3. Single phase anaerobiotic reactors4. Anaerobic Filter5. Anaerobic Fluidized know Reactor6. Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ( UASBR ) .High RATE ANAEROBIC REACTORSAll modern high rate biomethanation procedures are based on the compose of retaining high feasible biomass by some manner of bacterial sludge immobilization. These are achieved by one of the following(prenominal) methods.* Formation of extremely settleable sludge sums combine with gas separation and sludge subsiding, e.g. upflow anaerobiotic sludge cover reactor and anaerobic baffled reactor.* Bacterial fond regard to high denseness particulate matter bearer stuffs e.g. fluidized move back reactors and anaerobic expanded sock reactors.* Entrapment of sludge sums between packing stuff supplied to the reactor, e.g. down flow anaerobiotic pervade and up flow anaerobiotic f iltrate.2.1. Fixed movie reactorIn stationary fixed movie reactors ( Fig. 1 ) , the reactor has a bio-film protrude construction ( media ) such as activated C, PVC ( polyvinyl chloride ) supports, difficult stone atoms or ceramic rings for biomass immobilisation. The effluent is distributed from above/below the media. Fixed movie reactors offer the advantages of simpleness of building, riddance of mechanical commixture, conk out stableness at high burden rates, and capableness to defy big toxic daze tonss and organic daze tonss. The reactors can hark back really rapidly after a period of famishment. The chief restriction of this design is that the reactor volume is comparatively high compared to other high rate procedures due to the volume occupied by the media. Another restraint is choke offing of the reactor due to increase in bio-film thickness and/or high suspended solids tautness in the effluent 2 .Feed storagearmored combat vehicleFeedTABLE ( 2 )Features of reactor typ es 4 .Anaerobic Reactor TypeStart up periodImparting ConsequenceEffluent RecycleGas solid separation Device mail carrier PackingTypical Loading rates ( kg COD/m3day )HRT ( vitamin D )CSRT not PresentNot requiredNot requiredNot indispensable0.25-310-60UASB4-16LowNot requiredEssentialNot indispensable10-300.5-7Anaerobic Filter3-4HighNot requiredBeneficialEssential1-40.5-12AAFEB3-4less(prenominal)RequiredNot requiredEssential1-500.2-5AFB3-4Non-existentRequiredBeneficialEssential1- degree centigrade0.2-52.2. Up flow anaerobic sludge cover reactorUASB engineering is world used extensively for wastewaters from different beginnings such as distilleries, nutrient treating units, tanneries and municipal effluent. The active biomass in the signifier of sludge granules is retained in the reactor by direct subsiding for accomplishing high MCRT thereby accomplishing extremely cost-efficient designs. A major advantage is that the engineering has relatively less investing demands when compared to an anaerobiotic filter or a fluidized bed strategy.Among noteworthy disadvantages, it has a long start-up period along with the demand for a sufficient sum of gamey seed sludge for faster startup. Furthermore, important wash-out of sludge during the initial stage of the procedure is exchangeablely and the reactor needs skilled operation.A UASB reactor ( fig. 2 ) basically consists of gas-solids centrifugate ( to retain the anaerobic sludge within the reactor ) , an inflowing distribution body and outflowing draw off installations. Effluent recycle ( to fluidize the sludge bed ) is non requisite as sufficient contact between effluent and sludge is guaranteed even at low organic tonss with the influent distribution system. Besides, significantly higher freight rates can be accommodated in farinaceous sludge UASB reactors as compared to flocculent sludge bed reactors. In the latter, the presence of ill debauched or no biodegradable suspended aff song in the effluent conseque nces in an irreversible crisp bead in the specific methanogenic activity because the imbue solids are trapped in the sludge. Furthermore, any important granulation does non happen under these conditions. The maximal loading potency of such a woolly sludge bed system is in the scope of 1-4 kilograms COD/m3 twenty-four hours. Yet another high rate digester, EGSB, is a modified signifier of UASB in which a 5-10 m/h as compared to 3 m/ H for soluble effluent and 1-1.25 m/h for partly soluble somewhat higher dilettanteish liquid speed is applied effluent in an UASB ) . Because of the higher up flow speeds, chiefly farinaceous sludge will be retained in an EGSB system, whereas a important portion of farinaceous sludge bed will be in an expanded or perchance even in a fluidized province in the higher parts of the bed. As a consequence, the contact between the effluent and sludge is first-class. Furthermore, the conveyance of substrate into the sludge aggregates is much better as compared to state of affairss where the commixture strength is much dispirit. The maximal manageable lading rate in EGSB is somewhat higher than that of an UASB system, particularly for a low strength V & A A containing effluent and at lower ambient temperatures.Fig.2 UASB Reactor.2.3. Anaerobic fluidized bed reactorIn the anaerobiotic fluidized bed ( Fig. 3 ) , the media for bacterial fond regard and growing is kept in the fluidized province by retarding force forces exerted by the up streamlined effluent. The media used are curt atom size sand, activated C, etc. Under fluidized province, each media provides a big out estate for biofilm ecesis and growing. It enables the attainment of high reactor biomass hold-up and promotes system efficiency and stableness. This provides an chance for higher organic burden rates and greater opposition to inhibitors. Fluidized bed engineering is more effectual than anaerobiotic filter engineering as it favors the conveyance of microbic cells from t he majority to the surface and therefore enhances the contact between the micro-organisms and the substrate.Fig. 3 Anaerobic fluidized bed reactorThese reactors have several advantages over anaerobiotic filters such as riddance of bed clogging, a low hydraulic caput loss combined with better hydraulic circulation and a greater surface country per unit of reactor volume. Finally, the capital cost is lower due to cut down reactor volumes. However, the recycling of wastewater may be necessary to accomplish bed enlargement as in the instance of expanded bed reactor. In the expanded bed design, micro-organisms are attached to an inert support medium such as sand, crushed rock or plastics as in fluidized bed reactor. However, the diameter of the atoms is somewhat bigger as compared to that used in fluidized beds. The rule used for the enlargement is besides similar to that for the fluidized bed, i.e. by a high up flow speed and recycling.2.4 The Anaerobic filter Processes ( AF ) Biofiltra tion uses bacterial immobilisation by agencies of sludge of movies on an inert support stuff & A the entrapment of sludge flocs within the macro-porous construction of the bearer stuff to retain as much of the active sludge as possible.Particularly designed bearer stuffs are available, normally made of polythene or polypropene. They are extremely voided to cut down the hazard of choke offing & A have specific surface between 100 & A 200 m2per m3carrier stuffs.Anaerobic filter are used whenever non-granular or non settable sludge is expected & amp when available country is limited. The high biomass concentration inside the reactor allows volumetric lading rates of 5to10kg COD/m3per twenty-four hours. A disadvantage of the Anaerobic Filter is the comparative high cost of the bearer stuff.2.5 The Hybrid Reactor Hybrid Type of reactor is a crew of an Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor with an anaerobiotic filter or an anaerobiotic contact procedure or a combination of the thr ee types.The first intercrossed Type of reactor is similar to an UASB, except for the three-phase centrifuge. The centrifuge is replacing by a later of drifting bearer stuff. This literal serves a dual map( 1 ) To divide & amp retain a big maps of sludge in the reactor before the influent use the reactor, and( 2 ) To carries active sludge in the porous infinite of the bearer stuff itself. This type of reactor is called the up flow anaerobic contact filter reactor ( UACF )The 2nd type of intercrossed reactor has late been developed for waste H2O demoing no granule formation & A necessitating a longer hydraulic keeping clip. It is called by up flow Anaerobic contact reactor ( UAC ) .This reactor allows some bio mass accretion in the lower portion of the reactor the reactor is non wholly mix which is instance for the anaerobiotic contact ( AC ) reactor but is equipped with a sophisticated influent distribution system similar to the 1 for the ( UASB ) reactor 5 .3. CONTROL OF ANAER OBIC DIGESTIONThe anaerobiotic digestion procedure is affected significantly by the ope grade conditions. As the procedure involves the formation of volatile acids, it is of import that the rate of reaction be such that there is no accretion of acids, which would ensue in the failure of the digester. This, in bend, is governed by the burden rate and the inflowing strength. Temperature and pH are other of import variables as the methane bring forthing bacteriums are sensitive to these as broad(a).3.1. Consequence of temperatureAnaerobic digestion is strongly influenced by temperature and can be grouped under one of the undermentioned classs psychrophilic ( 0-20AC ) , mesophilic ( 20- 42AC ) and thermophilic ( 42-75AC ) . The inside informations of the bacterial procedures in all the three temperature scopes are good established though a big subdivision of the reported work trades with mesophilic operation. Changes in temperature are good resisted by anaerobiotic bacteriums, every bi t long as they do non transcend the upper bound as defined by the temperature at which the decay rate begins to transcend the growing rate. In the mesophilic scope, the bacterial activity and growing lessenings by one half for each 10AC bead below 35AC.Thus, for a given grade of digestion to be attained, the lower the temperature, the thirster is the digestion clip. The consequence of temperature on the first phase of the digestion procedure ( hydrolysis and acidogenesis ) is non really important. The 2nd and 3rd phases of decomposition can merely be performed by veritable specialised micro-organism ( acidognic and methanogenic bacteriums ) and therefore, these are much more sensitive towards temperature alteration 3 . However, an of import feature of anaerobiotic bacteriums is that their decay rate is really low at temperatures below 15AC. Therefore, it is possible to continue the anaerobiotic sludge for long periods without losing much of its activity. This is particularly util e in the anaerobiotic intervention of effluent from seasonal industries such as sugar Millss.3.2. Consequence of pHAnaerobic reactions are extremely pH dependant. The optimum pH scope for methane bring forthing bacteriums is 6.8-7.2 while for acid-forming bacteriums, a more acerb pH is desirable. The pH of an anaerobiotic system is typically maintained between methanogenic bounds to forestall the predomination of the acid-forming bacteriums, which may do V & A A accretion. It is indispensable that the reactor contents provide plenty buffer capacity to neutralize any eventual V & A A accretion, and therefore prevent build-up of localised acid zones in the digester. In general, sodium-bicarbonate is used for supplementing the alkalinity since it is the lone chemical, which gently shifts the equilibrium to the desired value without upseting the physical and chemical balance of the delicate microbic population.3.3. Consequence of foodsThe presence of ions in the provender is a critica l parametric quantity since it affects the granulation procedure and stableness of reactors like USAB. The bacterium in the anaerobiotic digestion procedure requires micronutrients and hint elements such as N, phosphoric, sulfur, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Ni, Co, Zn, manganese and Cu for optimal growing. Although these elements are needed in highly low concentrations, the deficiency of these foods has an inauspicious consequence upon the microbic growing and public presentment. Methane organizing bacteriums have comparatively high internal concentrations of Fe, Ni and Co. These elements may non be present in sufficient concentrations in effluent watercourses from the processing of one individual agro industrial merchandise like maize or murphies or the effluent derived from condensates. In such instances, the effluent has to be supplemented with the hint elements anterior to intervention. The needed optimumDegree centigrades Nitrogen P ratio for enhanced output of methane has been reported to be 1002.50.5. The tokenish concentration of macro and micronutrients can be calculated based on the biodegradable COD concentration of the effluent, cell output and alimentary concentration in bacterial cells. The foodConcentration in the influent should be adjusted to a value equal to twice the minimum alimentary concentration required in order to guarantee that there is a little surplus in the foods needed.3.4. Consequence of organic burden rateIn anaerobiotic effluent intervention, lading rate dramas an of import function. In the instance of nonattached biomass reactors, where the hydraulic keeping clip is long, overloading consequences in biomass washout. This, in bend, leads to treat failure. Fixed movie, expanded and fluidized bed reactors can defy higher organic burden rate. Even if there is a daze burden ensuing in failure, the system is quickly restored to normal. In comparing to a CSTR system, fixed movie and other affiliated biomass reactors have better stableness. Furt hermore, high grade of COD decrease is achieved even at high lading rates at a short hydraulic keeping clip. Anaerobic fluidized bed appears to defy maximal lading rate compared to other high rate reactors.4. FACTORS GOVERNING REACTOR CHOICEA engineering is acceptable to an industry if it requires less capital, less land country and is more dependable when compared to the other good established options for an anaerobiotic digestion system this translates into the procedure being able to run at high organic and hydraulic burden rates with minimal operation and care demands. To take the most appropriate reactor type for a peculiar application, it is indispensable to carry on a systematic rating of different reactor constellations with the effluent watercourse. The organic and hydraulic lading potency of a reactor depends on three factorsViz *i Amount of active biomass that can be retained by a reactor per unit volume.* Contact chance between the maintained biomass and the hitch effl uent.* Diffusion of substrate within the biomass.With these considerations, farinaceous sludge UASB reactor stands out distinctively as the best pick with the lone restrictions being the inclination of granules to drift and shearing of granules at high lading rates. These restraints are besides valid to a lesser grade for affiliated biomass reactors ( such as fixed movie, fluidized bed and rotary biological contactors ) . In add-on, due to the infinite occupied by the media, the affiliated biomass reactors possess relatively lower capacity for biomass keeping per unit volume of the reactor. The latter depends on the movie thickness, which would be the highest in a fluidized bed reactor due to big surface country available for biomass fond regard. Besides, there is better contact between the biomass and the entrance effluent in both fluidized bed and EGSB systems. However, due to the high upflow speed, the substrate diffusion in the biomass is limited in these constellations.Based on these factors, it appears that the maximal accomplishable lading rates with soluble effluent would diminish in the undermentioned sequenceUASB & gt EGSB & gt fluidized bed reactor & gt anaerobiotic filter. The capital cost of the reactors and the land country demands, hence, follows the same order. The digester operation and care demands are minimal if the procedure is reasonably stable towards fluctuations in effluent features and alterations in environmental conditions. Susceptibility of the procedure depends on the possible use of the reactor and therefore a system runing near maximal loading conditions is more sensitive. Based on the comparings of assorted reactor types, the undermentioned order can be recommended for reactor pickParameters RatingOperating accomplishments Fixed movie & lt UASB & lt RBC & lt Fluidized bed.Energy ingestion UASB & lt fixed movie & lt EGSB & lt fluidized bed & lt RBCCapital cost, land demand RBC & lt fixed movie & lt UASB & lt EGSB & lt fluidized bed5. HUASB REACTOR & A ITS PERFORMANCEThe loanblend up flow anaerobic sludge cover ( HUASB ) reactor has received widespread credence and has been successfully used to handle a assortment of industrial every bit good as domestic effluents. In the HUASB procedure, the whole waste is passed through the anaerobiotic reactor in an up flow manners, with a hydraulic keeping clip ( HRT ) of merely about 8-10 hours at mean flow. No anterior deposit is required.COD removal efficiencies depends mostly on effluent type nevertheless the remotion efficiency with regard to biodegradable COD is by and large in surplus of 85 or even 90 % .The biodegradable COD is sometimes reflected in the parametric quantity biological O demand ( BOD ) . The four top applications of high rate anaerobiotic reactor systems are forBreweries & A drink industry.Distilleries and agitation industries.Food industries.Pulp & A paper industries.Furthermore in warm clime the HUASB construct is besides suited for the domestic effluent.Advantages of Anaerobic ReactorsLow energy costLess bio-mass coevalsLess solid waste to disposeStable digested sludge is producedLess infinite requiredOff-gas air pollution eliminatedRestrictions of HUASBR*Post Aerobic Treatment is required ( one twenty-four hours smoothing pool for sewerage ) .*To meet coli signifier degree in the treated wastewater ripening pool or chemical intervention is required.DecisionA brief sum-up of consequences of research lab and pilot graduated table surveies extracted from expensive belles-lettres study are presented. The HUASBR engineering is good suited for the pre-treatment of high strength distillery wastewaters. It must be noted that this is merely when the procedure has been successfully started up and it is in stable operation. It order to accomplish a consecutive start up it is recommended that the reactor be started up at a low lading rate between 4-8 Kg.COD/m3.day and the COD remotion efficiency must be monitored c arefully. Attention must besides be paid to the temperature and high burden rate should non be applied until the temperature in the reactor has reached the recommended 34 to 360c.This particularly of import in outflowing steams that have low flow rate with correspondingly high COD concentration such as distillery waste. Once the works has been successfully started up, fluctuations in volumetric burden rate do non significantly affect the public presentation of the reactor.RecognitionThe literature reviewed in this paper is the portion of ongoing thesis work name Study on public presentation of Tapered conelike shaped intercrossed Upflow anaerobic sludge cover Reactor ( HUASBR ) for intervention of distillery spent wash at SGB University, Amravati under the apprize of Dr. N. W. Ingole. The writer thanks the Principal, J. T. M. C. O. E. Faizpur, Dist- Jalgaon for widening all installations for carry oning the research work.

Right, Duty and Obligation/Responsibility: a Search for Ethical

1 RIGHT, DUTY AND OBLIGATION/RESPONSIBILITY A SEARCH FOR ETHICAL bedrock By Dr. Ani Casimir K. C 2 1) Introduction Immanuel Kant gave philosophy four fundamental irresolutions with which it is to concern itself and they argon (1) What can I know? (2) What is man? (3) What can I hope for, and, (4) Fin all(prenominal)y, what ought I to do. The latterwhat ought I to do? is the central subject of ethics,or what is variously called lesson philosophy or philosophy of exampleity. With the plans of ? right, ? uty and obligation and responsibility, we shine into the science of ? oughts that define the clean foundation of merciful community and the stability of its social fabric. The Kantian challenge here is that before we can build a honorablely strong and honorablely virile social order the citizens should know the fundamentals of ? righteousness or the values that build a right and virtuous citizenship who knows his rights, carries out his duties and compels the state, withi n the bounds of a good moral-sound order, to fulfil its obligations to the citizens.Before we can delve into the meaning of the terms right, barter, obligation,and its allied responsibility, let us play out a brief survey of what is meant by ethics or science of righteousness. 2) Ethics A Brief View A lot of community fail to appreciate the fact that back in antiquity, ethics did not constitute an independent study as such,but was part of a bigger syllabus of study. For it was simply know in classical music antiquity as the science of ? worth or value so that what was popular was the study of ? axios and not ? ethos. Axios translates to a meaningful 3 expression ? to be worthy root word for axiology a more popular science than ethos the root word for ethics. Ethics meant ? fictitious character or the custom so that i can talk about individual character beingness good or bad and a companionships custom could be worthy or not. Axiology as the science that propels society and guides her as to what is valuable, worthy or honourable came from the Greek it determines and properly classifies the subjects and fudge factors which argon worthy of being pursued, engaged in or discussed by citizens.From such discussions emerge values which be worthy of emulation by citizens and the state and argon classified and codified accordingly. Over age such classifications and codifications became a study and was called ? ethics or ? worthy of character or valued behaviour. Professor Egbeka Aja too threw light upon the origins of the ethical science when he did a supportive expose in his book ? philosophy An Introduction Axiology is from the Greek Axios meaning worthy, of philosophy and logos,meaning discourse.This is the limb that deals with values both intrinsic and inessential values. Values atomic number 18 described as intrinsic when they are pursued for their own sake speckle extrinsic values are pursued as a means to separate ends. For instance, educ ation can be said have intrinsic value when it is aimed at the improvement of man. It can be said to have extrinsic value when it findn as a means to attaining political power or to acquire hooey wealth. Axiology can be conveniently divided into the following sub-branches ethics, aesthetics, social and political philosophy, philosophy of rightfulness and education(1) 4One seminal distinction that has emerged from this classical history is that ethics was completely part of a bigger discipline that included law, politics, education and aesthetics. Except in Indian universities, Britain and some Middle easterly schools, the study of axiology as the science of values (i. e. valet values) have almost disappeared. In its place, ethics its sub-branch is taking the centre stage as the ? worthy discipline of value for the society. The word ethics comes from the Greek root word ethos- ? eaning custom or character, define by professor Aja as that branch of axiology which is sometimes c alled moral philosophy. It deals with the values concomitant with human conduct and human character. Ethics should be distinguished from morals or morality. The morals or morality of a mortal or society are the sum total of all the moral judgements (or moral beliefs or moral beliefs implicit in certain acts or behaviour) of that somebody or society2 3 Right In an ethical sense, a right is any exertion by man in society seen and interpreted to be into tune with the moral law of a people in such a society.At this juncture, we readily see that right makes us to remember the root of traffic. The concepts of justice, right and fairness, stand to each other as correlatives. But in a legal sense, a right translates into ? a claim which a somebody can make against others with the backing of the law. The person pressing for a claim to secure his right does so with explicit or implicit knowledge that the law recognizes that right and volition justly rationalize his claim to award a compe nsation where necessary. An ethical right must conform to not only the moral law but also to the principles of pictorial rights embedded in inherent law. On the other hand, legal rights must conform to the principles of dogmatic rights whose rigourousness derive from the positive law or the man-made law of the state. Currently there is an increasing movement for the establishment 5 of an African legal body or jurisprudence which bequeath be based upon not only what the law is (positive law) but also what the law ought to be (African public moral values).A June 2008 international conference with the theme ? the law and Africa organised by the Department of Philosophy University of Nigeria, centred upon exploring such possibility of harmonizing state law and African public morality in a new African jurisprudence. Conceptually considered, a right is a moral power that a person possesses to do something, to keep something and to consume something from another so long as the actio n is not in violation of the law or any attendant obligation. 4 My right, as Dr.Ani Casimir, as a citizen of the Universe and Nigeria in particular could be used to illustrate the morphology of somervilles conception of what is a right Dr. Ani has a right to do something, to keep something, and exact something provided in so doing Dr. Ani does not dis believe the rights of others or their interests. So in essence, Dr. Anis right and his enjoyment of them must end where the rights of other members of the society starts. 5 A right is judged by its impact upon the interests of mankind. When a right has a good effect upon others interests it is alled just rights. Otherwise, it is called an unjust right, when it does not march on the well-being of man in the direction of life, liberty, health and reputation. Just rights are interests recognized and defend in law for which people are accordingly penalise when they are violated. Violating any of them both in ethics and the law constitut es what is defined as ? unseasonable. In other words, when we violate a right we are ? incorrectly and the law states the punishment for those who have become wrong doers, that threaten the stability of the social order.It becomes immediately clear from the discussion above that we can categorise a right into that of 6 the moral and the legal order. What determines whether a right is classified as moral or legal depends a lot upon its constitution, the nature of its source and the importance with which the society within which it operates attaches to it. A moral right invokes a correspondent duty whose violation by the moral instrument is against the principles of natural justice. But a legal right is prescribed, recognised, known and protected by the law (positive law).Moral and legal rights are performable and enforceable only within human society and between persons since human beings are rational beings with intelligence to know them and guide their actions accordingly. In what I have insistently decided to call moral spherethe stability of subsisting atmosphere of moral values in both societyevery right has a corresponding object to which it must perforce relate to. This object makes it possible for the owner of the right to identify and claim his interest, protected and given recognition by the law of the state and the social sense of right and wrong of the public.The object could either be material, immaterial or even services. In the context of human rights, this is what I define as a social, economic, political or an even environmental benefit, advantage or a constitutional entitlement. Rights can also be classified as either perfect or imperfect. A right is perfect if it corresponds to a duty that is in turn recognized and enforced by the law. A perfect right has both moral and legal correlatives in its source, recognition and execution. In otherwords, we are talking about a moral power that makes a law of society to b enforceable.For accordin g to Nyasani The enforceability here means that an action, and or criminal, will be taken against a person in breach of it, and if need be, judgement will be executed against him utilize physical force of the state. where a right is recognizable by the law, the state using its machinery, will have an interest in making sure that the 7 duty of respecting that right is enforced resorting to physical compulsion if necessary. 6 A right can also be classified as either positive or negative.According to the positive right perspective, it enables an individual to receive something more than he already has, whereas infra the negative right perspective, the individual goes on to refrain what one already has, such as the right to money in his pockets. 7 Another classification of rights is real rights as against face-to-face rights. Real rights (jus in rem) entitles one ? to require that a duty is imposed upon all other persons to respect that persons interest? 8 On the other hand, in-per son rights(rights in personam) ? imposes a duty on a particular or determinate person or persons to respect the others legally protected interested? Professor Nyasani illustrates this new classification with a telling example My right to the occupation of my house or vehicle is in rem in the sense that all other people have to respect that right and the interest I have in the house or vehicle if on the other hand, I have my house to a tenant for occupation, the arrangement of its lease and use in between me and him exclusively and that arrangement does not straightway enteret other people this kind of jus in personam which exclusively avails against no other persons but the tenant alone imposes a duty on the tenant to accord with the interert in the property eased to him.It is a person to person arrangement which creates an obligation on the party accepting the offer of lease hence ad hominem and not real right with its attendant obligation on the world at large108 Rights can als o be referred to as proprietary and personal if they relate to the persons estate, assets and property or to his status or personal condition. 11 Property rights are convertible to monetary values while personal rights relate to status and cannot be converted into money or made an object of commercial exchange.The latter cannot be taken away by any body. This is why such personal rights relating to 8 reputation and the integrity of the human person are described as inalienable and not transferable. On the other hand, proprietary rights are transferable 3 What is a Wrong? As we can see from the foregoing discussion, a right moral or legal- has several classifications and it is the heart and soul of justice as a virtue. At the opposite end of that pendulum where the first position is occupied by right is what is known as wrong or injury.Just as we did with right, a wrong could be moral or legal in its texture. A moral wrong is an act that is repugnant and conflicting to the accepted morals of a community it is a natural wrong which need not always be a legal wrong10 On the other hand a legal wrong is any act forbidden by law and therefore not contrary to rules governing the proper administration of justice by the state. 11 A legal wrong may not necessarily be a moral wrong.In Britain, for example, the law prohibits the killing of wild games as meat by citizens. But naturalized Nigerians who are living there in Britain are property to a common African delicacy we call ? bush meat as a delicacy. By consuming bush meat Nigerian Britons who make love have committed no moral wrong but they have violated a law prohibiting its consumption in Britain. A legal wrong dont kill nor eat wild games if you do so, it is legally wrong and punishable. 4 Duty/obligationThe complexity found in ethical discourses and subjects is fully consummated in the twin concepts of duty and obligation. But we shall attempt to dissemble the complexity through the simple process of marrying the concepts of duty with obligation and plan out its meaning in bits followed with illustrations. 9 The word duty also comes variously as devoir, il dovere, pflicht or obligation. Duty has to do with the rightness of human actions regardless of whether it has gladness as its goal.Man is seen as having a duty, to live a life of virtue whether it conduces to his happiness or not. In other words, happiness is not that goal of duty but it is what we must do because we have to do it either in accordance with personal conscience, public morality or the demands of the law. Duty is seen by many ethical scientists as a necessity in human moral conduct that helps to establish a moral society. For Immanuel Kant, duty is relegated to the higher order of the categorical as against conditional or hypothetical imperative that which we must do when and whenever we are called upon to do it The categorical imperative makes it the supreme, downright moral law of all rational, self-determining be ings and in such a way that we (as human beginsare able to act on maxims which can at the aforesaid(prenominal) time have for their object themselves as universal laws of nature it posits the necessity of action at an end in itself and not as a possible action posing as a means to something alse that is alled or might be willed12 Kant insists that if there is something whose existence has in itself an haughty worth, that is, something which is an end in itself, that selfsame(prenominal) thing, pursued for its own sake, must become a source of definite laws and that inversely will be the source of a possible categorical imperative13.Kant gave the concept of duty to a humanity that makes public morality a desirable ethical inevitable good for the state and for its citizens a good worthy of being pursued. According to professor Nyasani The objective principle is that the categorical imperative is beween the supreme realistic law and the source of all laws of the will. In this sense then the practical imperative will require everyone of us to act in such a way as to handlet the rest of humanity in the most pitying manner possible so as to see them as an end in themselves and never as a means to an end. It is every ones duty as a rational being to treat others in the same way as he would like them to treat him.This is the community that Kant so elaborately preached and practised14. 10 We can glean the core idea of duty from the trend of our discussion duty is a kind of obligation we owe to ourselves, to others and to the society of which we are a members. But duty is a special kind of obligation Duty as an obligation entails some kind of necessity not physical necessity by sheer implied command rolled up in the categorical must. It is a moral necessity imposed upon the human will that ultimately derives its validity and force from the law of human nature which in term upon the eternal law of the author of creation15 5 Duty as duty Duty comes across as a kind of obligation which is fundamental and basic to ny other responsibility we owe to any one because of its divine and natural correlates. As an obligation it comes either as a natural (moral) or legal category. We have a moral duty to obey our parents and not to buy from our neighbour. A moral duty and a legal duty could coincide in the burden imposed upon the individual citizen. If I steal from my neighbour, for example, I could constrict legal positive measures as punishment. Also, my neglect of my parents could attract social sanctions. So it is the rules that govern particular duties given recognition by their generators (makers) that will make a particular duty either moral or legal. Lacey gives an etymological conception to duty when he relates duty to ? ught obligation, duty-connected to others we ought suggests a gap which ought to be filled . Obligations are primarily moral or legal. They are also always traced to some moral agentive role. 16 As against obligation, duty is primarily connected with roles, whether or not there are voluntarily undertaken. Duties tend to be of womb-to-tomb standing and not as ad-hoc as obligation one meets ones obligations as one incurs them, but does ones duty or discharges as one incurs them in the normal course of things17 . 11 According to Lacey they have similarities ?duties and obligations are therefore special kind of things we always ought to perform them since they may be overridden, whether by other duties etc or even by something non-moral 18.Kant, however, has distinguished perfect duties which were absolute and could never be over ridden by other duties or even by, inclinations. As against object of material duties, we have also subjective or putative(prenominal) duties19 which are ? what we think we ought to do? 20 while material duties are ? what we really ought to do21. Finally, we can say with regard to duty that it is an ontological impulse which compels us (by the power of conscience) to act in a part icular way, refrain from doing something which could harm or dismay another citizen from enjoying his or her own rights. The object and subject of duty is justice, doing right to oneself and to all . rofessor Nyasanis own conception tallies with my dialectical linkage of duty and conscience It is a positive moral intuition that links in our subconscious conscience that drives an individual to make a crucial decision vis-a-vis the enhancement, protection and preservation of the self and by extension that of the community which happens to be the object of any legal legislation and moral norms22. Duties arise from the relationship of parties say between father and son, husband and wife, duties also arise from commands given to citizens under a statute say tax return. Duties equally arise from contracts for which non-performance may lead to serious damage to public interest. 12 6 Responsibility How does ones duty translate to ones responsibility? If I say that I have an obligation to p erform a particular undertaking or carry out an action ,can we say it is the same thing as saying that ? I have a responsibility to perform the same task or carryout the action.These questions throw more light on the law segment of our discourse, seeking to know the relationship between a persons moral actions, duty and responsibility . what is the single element that holds the three moral concepts together? The word is accountability23. According to Wallace ? responsibility designates a persons moral accountability for his actions. The same general idea is expressed by the related term imputability as a quality of actions, facts or consequences by which they are traceable to an agent, and responsibility is the quality of the agent to which they are attributed. 24 Responsibility can be applied ethico-legally in the following three ways 1) Descriptive booking 2) Prescriptive usage 3) Ascriptive application 1) Descriptive EmploymentThis is the expression of a cause- effect relatio nship between an agent and an action or a consequence, without implying anything with regard to the ethical character of the act. 2) Prescriptive Usage This is an expression of a moral obligation bidding one to do or to avoid doing something. For example, when Peter tells his athletic supporter Emeka Emeka it is your 13 responsibility to take care of your parents in the village? It becomes an objective responsibility which Emeka carries for his parents in the village. 3) Ascriptive Application The term ascribes blame or credit to an agent who acts with or without due conformity to moral norms of conduct.This portrays a more personal and subjective sense of responsibility different from the prescriptive model above. In all moral situation in which the sense of responsibility is questioned, ascertained, prescribed, ascribed or described, before and after the actions, there is a problem introduced when it is no longer a question of one moral agent but two or more agents committing a particular moral action. The name given to that problem is ? cooperation how to ascertain the period of responsibility of the agents in carrying out the action. For example, a dead one can aid another living agent to commit evil, but is no longer living. A situation when an agent shares in the intention and modus of an action is defined as formal cooperation.While in a situation such an agent does not share in the intention and refuses to participate on the modus of the action is known as material cooperation because he may unintentionally do something that will lead to the committing of the evil. Conclusion In dealing with the concept of right, duty, obligation and responsibility as ethical considerations, we have basically dealt, as briefly as we could, with the levers of morality, which is defined as the quality attributable to human action by reason of its conformity to rules according to which it should be regulated. 25 This means that there 14 is, in every society, a subsist ing standard to which every human action can be measured. It also means that man is responsible for his moral actions and the consequences.Hence every citizen has a right which the state and every other citizen owe a duty to protect, cherish and promote as an ethical and legal obligation. The moral principles open under this chapter become the ethical foundations for the global experience which we define as human rights which will be treated under another heading in another project. Notes 1 Aja Egbeke, Philosophy An Introduction, Eungu, Auto century Ibid p. 13) 2 publishing co Ltd, 1991, p. 12 3 Nyasani J. M. Nairobi, consolata institute of philosophy press, 1995, 255 4 Ibid 5 Nyasani, Ibid see also Somerville, Francis, Christ is king A manual of catholic social Doctrine (catholic social Guild, oxford, 1962) p. 12. 6 Ibid pp 29-31 Salomon, John jurisprudence ed. Brullians, London, sweet and maxawell Ltd, 1957, pp 265-266. 8 Ibid 9 Ibid 15 10 Ibid 11 Ibid p. 33 12 Ibid p. 35. 13 I bid 14 See also imanuel Kant, fundamental principles of the metaphysics of morals oxford, the Clarendon Press, 1954 pp 85-110 15 Nyasani, cit p 22). 16 Ibid p 23 17 ibid 18 Lacey, A. R. A dictionary of philosophy)London, rout ledge and Paul,1976, pp. 148 151 19 Ibid p 150. 20 Ibid 21 Ibid 22 H. N. Castanenda Imperative, duties and moral ought, Australian diary of philosophy, 1966 pp 50-120. 23 Nyasani, Ibid p 24 24 Wallace, W. the elements of philosophy, New York, Alba, House, 2008, p. 53. 25 Wallace, 162

Women in Business

WOMEN IN BUSINESS Course HRMG 5000 Managing Human Resources Term Summer, 2011 composition 1 Wo hands in origin Student Daphne Westerlaken van Westen Contact information daphne. van. emailprotected com University Webster University Leiden Instructor Arthur De La Loza -2Abstract at that place is a direct correlation surrounded by integrated finance process and women in leadership roles. The number of fe staminate college graduates and overall percentage of females in the reverseforce is increasing. hence the pipeline of women has greatly change magnitude and companies harbour to trespass on this to secure these companies ar going to stay fresh, attract and weaken this crime syndicate of talent. An equal balance of qualified men and women washbowl only be achievd when top concern focussing on what women want in their company, give-up the ghost-life balance, talent overseement and equal compensation. at that placefore the performance of top management should be jud ged partly on their efficiency to groom and heighten female talent. -3Introduction The numbers of female college graduates and overall percentage of females in the realiseforce is increasing.In order to ensure that companies await to appeal to the best and the brightest men and women, companies exact to promote the fact that there is equal ingress to opportunity for both genders. accelerator pedal, the leading nonprofit organization manoeuvres globally with trade to build inclusive blendplaces and expand opportunities for women and business, has found that there is a direct correlation between corporate finance performance and women in leadership roles. Studies show a more equal balance of qualified men and women drives innovation, engagement and business success.This research paper will focus on the involvement of Human Resource Management to increase the number of women in leadership roles. What Women Want The majority of the women and especially Generation Y (born 1978 1994) argon implicated ab come on the impact of their life-work balance (e. g. family, child c atomic number 18) decision will pee on their c arers. BPW (Business and Professional Womens) Foundation did research on this topic and found out that the intimately important employer characteristics for women are 1. Opportunity for employees to self-manage 2.Emphasis on meeting goals, as opposed to how, when or where deal do the work 3. availability of and focus on career advancement opportunities Furthermore BPW found out that women are disconnected with employers when -41. Employees judge each other(a) based on the number of hours worked and non results produced 2. Employees at the top shake up more freedom than employees at the bottom. The overall percentage of females in the workforce is increasing and the Generation Y women are the workforce for tomorrow. Because of this, women will ensure the long term business successes. on that pointfore corporations go through to retai n, attract and build up women by fulfilling their fatalitys by a multipronged approach 1. organizational level Examine and adjust the prevailing mind- make out of inputs over outputs. An environment that rewards a persons presence is non conducive for encouraging plurality to apply tools that might remediate their performance. 2. Management level Managers collect to be coached in and held account cap fitting-bodied for the instructions in which their practices en sufficient or limit the dominance of their direct reports. 3.Individual level Each individual should be encourages to identify where and when they work best. Quotas & Regulation Currently women occupy is just 12% of the seats on the boards of large European companies. The European Union warns that if listed European businesses sport not do signifi enduret progress in raising that percentage by near year March, the European Union will consider mandating that they do founding fathere measures such as boardroom m easures gender-quotas of the kind already in place in France, Spain and Norway.The proportion of women occupy the seats on the board of the listed Frances companies is expected to hit 20% next year, up from 7% two years ago. The pool of qualified women is finite and therefore the pressure is to prevent that pool from drying up. unmatched of the reasons that -5qualified women are not in that pool, is because there are not visible to companies. Therefore companies and likewise women need to relegate actions like 1. Develop and introduce mentoring programs (pairing senior women with company chairmen as mentors) 2. Build up systematically contacts (networking inside and outside the company) 3.Women learn to inform company bosses of the progress in their schoolings 4. Chief executives have to promote women to their executive committees Regulatory back-up, like quotas, are required, because some men over 60 think that suitable females dont exist because they have never had women as t heir peers, and they think women assholet take the pressure mired in serving on a board. Furthermore, these quotas forces companies to develop strategies and programs to retain, attract and develop high qualified women, who bottomland enter the boardroom.But there is overly a tear side of quotas. Companies have to avoid pushing too economic crisis qualified women into boardrooms only to meet these quotas. This will harm the qualified women more than the quotas will economic aid. cogitation life Balance With women now fashioning up al about half of the labor force in the Unit States and Europe, they are increasingly juggling work with care fine-looking responsibilities at home. The solution for this dilemma is work flexibility and scheduling. There are several solutions and possibilities to increase the work-life balance 1.Employees working at home. This can be come upond by teleworking. Telework means that employees work via electronic, telecommunications and Internet me ans. -62. Compressed work week. A compressed work week is a work week in which a full weeks work is secureed in fewer than five 8-hour days. Example four 10hour days. 3. Flex date Scheduling arrangement in which employees work a set number of hours a day but vary starting signal and ending seasons. 4. Job-sharing Scheduling arrangement in which 2 employees perform the work of nonpareil full-time job.Researches have sh cause that the approach of work flexibility and schedule not only help a companys business success, it leads to increased employee productivity and retains and attracts the best employees. Equal Compensation The US labor statics for 2009 shows that womens median full-time fixing is 78. 7% of what men earn. The level of education doesnt arrest any differences. The reasons for wage differences are complicated. Part of it has to do with many traditionally male-dominated professions, paying better than female-dominated professions.Part of it has to do that women choo se to spend more time with family care than with their careers. But that is not whole story. A canvass showed that when all things are equal (other than gender), women faculty members get paid less their mail colleagues. Women earn on average 6. 9% less than men in similar situations, when the long careers of male faculty members, the relative productivity of faculty member and where male and female faculty members tend to work are taken in account. Why the difference? 1. 2. Sexism and discrimination Women dont negotiate better salaries for themselves 7Theres not a atomic pile women can do about sexist employers, but salary negotiations are under their control. These negotiations can be a stumbling block, because women are not well trained to negotiate assertively on their have behalf. But if they do, they may be penalized, particularly if the other negotiator is male. A study observed that men were more inclined to work with nicer and less demanding women who accepted their comp ensation offers without comment than they were with women who attempted to negotiate for higher compensation. Both women were equaled competent for the job.So thats the double bind for women if they dont ask for a higher salary, they likely wont receive one, but if they do, they may not be hired or promoted. Talent Management Catalyst, a nonprofit womens research group, mentioned that only 11 chief executives of Fortune 500 companies are women, down from a peak of 15 in 2010. The McKinsey study showed that 37% of lower-level and middle management are female, while just 26% of vice presidents and other senior manager are women at Fortune 500 companies. McKinsey researchers found that female ambition declines at middle age.About 64% of women ages 45 to 54 old expressed a desire to advance professionally, compared with 78% of the men in the same age range. The comparable figures were 92% and 98% obeisanceively, for women and men senior 23 to 34. The decrease of the desire to advance professionally of middle aged women is ca utilize by their net of not well fitted Talent Management Systems. Corporations can improve the odds for building diversity in the top management by increasing the number of women who make it from middle management to the vice presidential level.There are several opportunities, which companies can implement -81. Companies need to spend more time coaching women and offering more leadership training and rotation through various management roles. 2. Companies should watch the women at the middle management level systematically and putting these women in programs that would help them to develop and get the next (promotion) hurdle. 3. Companies should be actively grooming women, making sure they have mentors and actively promoting their careers. 4.The performance of top management should be judged partly on their ability to groom and promote female talent. Conclusion & Recommendations Research has shown that there is a direct correlation betwee n corporate financial performance and having a mix of women and men in senior leadership roles. Statistics show that the number of female college graduates and overall percentage of females in the workforce is increasing. Therefore the pipeline of women has greatly increased and companies have to capitalize on this to ensure these companies are going to retain, attract and develop this pool of talent.To capitalize the women talents, companies need to change their (masculine) corporate culture. In the majority of the companies, female employees dont have same access to opportunities as their male colleagues. To increase the corporate financial performance, companies need to improve their corporate culture and the equal access to opportunities for both female and male employees. -9Every business and company is distinguishable and therefore companies need to found out what the needs are from their (future) female employees.In general, the most important employer characteristics for wo men are 1. 2. 3. Opportunity for employees to self manage Emphasis on meeting goals, as opposed to how, when or where people do the work Availability of and focus on career advancement opportunities The work-life balance works more important for both female and male employees due to that the number of women participates in the workforce is increasing. There are several solutions and possibilities which companies can implement to increase the work-life balance 1. 2. 3. 4.Employees working at home (teleworking) Compressed work week Flextime Job-sharing Besides attract and retain female employees, development of these qualified women is important, because they will ensure the mix of women and men in senior leadership roles. Therefore it is recommended that companies improve their talent management with 1. instruct women, offering leadership training and rotations through various management roles 2. Watch the women at middle management level systematically and putting these women in p rograms that would help them to develop and get the next promotion hurdle . Actively grooming women, making sure that they have mentors and actively promoting their careers 10 Without equal compensation, women will depart the company or are not interested to start their career with a company. Therefore is important that companies need to make sure that both women and men are equal compensated for the work they do. The final recommendation is more means of putting pressure on companies. A regulatory back-up, like quotas, forces companies to develop strategies and programs to retain, attract and develop high qualified women, who can enter the boardroom.Unfortunately there is in any case a down-side of quotas. Companies have to avoid pushing too low qualified women into boardrooms only to meet these quotas. This will harm the qualified women undeserved. An equal balance of qualified men and women can only be achieved when top management focus on what women want in their company, wor k-life balance, talent management and equal compensation. Therefore the performance of top management should be judged partly on their ability to groom and promote female talent. 11 References Mathis, Robert L and Jackson, John H (2011). Human Resource Management.South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning Jolis, Anne (2011, May 19). What Women Want. The Wall track Journal. Retrieved May 23, 2011, from http//www. WSJ. com SHRM Online staff (2011, April 26). What Gen Y Women Want Autonomy and Self-Direction. Society for Human Resource Management. Retrieved May 3, 2011, from http//www. shrm. org Boulton, Leyla (2011, May 10). UK headhunter pledge new focus on gender. fiscal Times. Retrieved May 19, 2011, from http//www. ft. com Manzano-Diaz, Sara (2011, May 20). Helping Women Advance in the Workplace. Council on Women and Girls.Retrieved May 25, 2011, from http//www. whitehouse. gov/administration/eop/cwg Peggy (2011, April 12). Equal Pay Day Why dont women just ask for more? Retrieve d May 25, 2011, from http//www. scientopia. org/blogs/everydaybiology/ Lublin, Joann S, (2011, April 4). Coaching Urged for Women. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 14, 2011, from http//www. WSJ. com Prime, Jeanine and Moss-Racusin, Corinne A (2009). Engaging men in gender initiatives What Change Agents Need To Know. Catalyst Zahidi, Saadia and Ibarra, Herminia (2010). The Corporate Gender Gap Report 2010. World Economic ForumWomen in BusinessWomen are becoming more involved in the business world by having well established careers and businesses that are performing very well all over the world. Their businesses are growing and contributing significantly to the economies of their countries. They have been able to develop careers and businesses in areas that were initially regarded as the domain of men. As they enter this environment, they have developed new styles of carrying out business and come up with ways that are different from those that were beingness used by men in th e past.There are various reasons that have enliven the women to start their own businesses and join the male dominated territory. near of these reasons are derived from the needs that these women have. Financial security and the need to achieve something in their lives are some of these reasons that have inspired the women to come up with various businesses. Other reasons imply seeking emancipation and flexibility to allow thence to determine how they want to work and when they want to work. angiotensin-converting enzyme of the major argufys that women formula as they carry out their business is the ability to balance their work and their family.The women face this altercate as they are not able to separate the business side of things and the family side. However, there are various steps that these women can carry out to ensure that they strike a balance between their business work and their family roles. Some of the steps include coming up with a schedule of events and time that can help the women manage their time. They can also talk to their families and make them understand the importance of the jobs and how much it means to them. Their families can then be in a position to respect the business and care for it.Developing a work cycle that fits the family life cycle can also help the women to create more opportunities and chances of spending time with their families without affecting the performance of the business. 1. 0 Introduction Women in the recent past have become more involved in business with many of them starting up their own businesses. The rate of women starting their own businesses is increasing with the rate being twice that of the national average. Some of these women have more than a hundred employees in their businesses (Ericksen & Young, 1999).They have been going forward in their ventures and succeeding. These women have been able to prove that the world of business is not only a mans world. They have bygone and succeeded in areas that are considered male territory in business such as real e offer, moving, restaurant business among others. The women have also maintained their characteristics and experiences of being mothers, daughters and wives as they carry on business. This paper discusses the experiences of women in business including the entrepreneurs and how they balance their work and family. 2. Women in Business In the past, men have been involved in business establishing rules and structures to be followed in organizations. However more women are getting involved and becoming part of the business world in one way or another. They have been able to enter this male dominated environment and they have been changing the way things are done and making positive contributions to the development of businesses and organizations. They have introduced new methods and styles of doing things that are very different from the methods were being followed by the men. about of these women have formed their own busines ses which they have developed from their own unparalleled ideas and talents that they possess. In the United States alone, there are more than ten million businesses that have been started by women. These businesses have employed over 13 million people (Gunelius, The Importance of Women-Owned Business Certification, n. d). In 2008, such businesses were able to impact the national and local economies greatly and significantly generating sales of over $1. 9 trillion (Gunelius, n. d).Women have been inspired to work hard in their businesses pushing them to great heights and reaching new levels. These women are persistent and they leave undeniable marks on the economy they impact. Most of these women have made plans and they continue to make plans for the future of their businesses with about 37% of them planning to leave their businesses in the hands of their daughters (Gunelius, Statistics About Women Business Ownders from Center for Womens Business Research, n. d). This will help en sure that such businesses owned by women will be here to stay.2. 1 Reasons for Joining Business. There are various factors that make the women to join the world of entrepreneurship and leave their current employment levels. Other women who are merely stay at homes have been compulsive to start their own businesses. These women have been inspired to start their own business that range in all sorts of industries. Other women have been inspired to start businesses that they are able to give out from home. Some of the women use their professional skills and competencies to start their own businesses while others use their hobbies and talents as the foundation and acquire the skills that are needed.Majority of these women when starting these businesses do not have any business bangledge or background but due to their passion and ambition they are able to succeed. (a) Financial Security There are various reasons that make women get involved in business with some starting their own busi nesses. Most of these women usually state economic necessity as one of the reasons that they start their own businesses. They start this business as they look for a source of income to make ends meet. The income they get is used to sustain their family and provide for the needs of their family.Financial security is the major driving force for most women who join business starting their own businesses (Lake, Conway, & Whitney, 2005). (b) Flexibility and independence Most of these women are mothers and they like to work using their own schedules so that they are able to spend more time with their children and family. They then choose the pickaxe of starting their own businesses that will allow them to be flexible and juggle their in the flesh(predicate) lives with their work. Having their own business allows them to freedom and independence to decide when to work and where to work from (Lake, Conway, & Whitney, 2005).Most of the women entrepreneurs choose to work from their homes a nd just create an office in one of the rooms in their houses. (c) Corporate Glass Ceiling Some women experience a situation where they are not able to proceed further in their careers. Corporate glass ceiling is a situation where certain careers in business cannot exceed a particular level in growth. In that career there are simply no other levels that can be achieved above the current level. Women who experience such a situation end up starting their own businesses that give them more options in their careers and more fulfillments.The women are operate by this inspiration and they become their own boss (DeYoung, n. d). (d) Solving a Problem Some women entrepreneurial spirit is started off by the need to solve a particular problem that they experience and others in the society as well. They then develop a solution to the problem and then make money out of it as they help solve the problem effectively. Some of these women include Julie Clark. She came across a problem of lack of edu cational videos for small children and from then started to make them for her babies.She later founded a company by name The Baby Einstein that was involved in production of educational videos for young children (DeYoung, n. d). (e) Personal exercise Some women are driven to start their own business by the desire to achieve some goals or achievements professionally (Lake, Conway, & Whitney, 2005). For most of the women who are driven by this desire, tangibles are not part of their quest. They are driven by perseverance and the desire to achieve something on their won with their own knowledge and abilities and operate a business.From the business they start they are able to achieve and make a significant impact in their lives, their families and the people around them. 2. 2 Challenges face up In Business Entrepreneurs face several challenges when they are starting off and as the businesses grow. Women however face more challenges and obstacles as they carryout their own business (G unelius, Challenges veneering Women in Business, n. d). These challenges although they are many they are not able to deter them from carrying out their businesses and becoming successful.They have been able to overcome these challenges and continue growing their businesses. One of these challenges is the lack of equal opportunity in the business environment. (a) Gender Discrimination The business environment has for a very long time been male dominated. It has pinched very clear lines on gender, and these lines have extended in all business areas. There are very few businesses that have been regarded to be for women. Most women when they start of their businesses in areas that were not regarded for them, they face a lot of gender related discrimination (Gunelius, Challenges Facing Women in Business, n. ). This mostly happens to women who are of a different race or color than the men. Studies have shown that more women who are of African American origin are discriminated in the bus iness environment (Lake, Conway, & Whitney, 2005). (b) Family Pressure Some of the women who start of their own businesses they are overwhelmed by the activities that are involved in their businesses and they are not able to maintain a balance between their businesses and their families. This is one of the challenges that face women all over the world who are also mothers and have families to take care of.The balance between the business and the family life becomes hard to achieve and in most cases their family life suffers. The family pressures then take a toll on their relationships and their roles as mothers (Gunelius, Challenges Facing Women in Business, n. d). (c) Unequal Opportunities One other challenge that faces many women, who start of their own businesses especially in an area that is highly dominated by men, is the lack of opportunities that are equal (Gunelius, Challenges Facing Women in Business, n. d). They face these challenges as they carry out their daily business activities and seek property for their businesses.These challenges interfere with their businesses and they are not able to move and grow as expected. Studies have shown that most women do not receive equal opportunities in the business environment especially in financial institutions with over 67% of them reporting difficulties when accessing funds (Women Entreprenuers, n. d). 3. 0 Work/Family Balance As women become more involved in the business environment developing their businesses, they are constantly faced with the challenge of managing their time properly between their business and their family.They are constantly seeking ways to manage and balance these two important sides of their life. Entrepreneurship on its own enables the women to manage their time and develop schedules that suit their life and their families as well (Women entrepreneurs, n. d). They are able to attend to family matters and other family activities and still be able to carryout their businesses. The fl exibility and independence allows to allocate more time when need be to the family in various stages of her life and make up for any time lost with her family. 0% of most of the working women are driven to start their own businesses in order to enjoy this flexibility and independence (Business Women and Challenges of Work, Family, n. d). Even though the women entrepreneurs have the freedom to be flexible and spend time with their families some are not able to balance the two. There are various steps that women can follow to ensure that they are able to balance their lives and manage their time properly between their work and their life and hence create a balance.3. 1 Developing a Mindset and Keeping Perspective. The women who have difficulty managing their time properly and balancing their family life and work should be able to keep a proper survey and mindset. They should stay focused in their relationships in their family as they are valuable aspects of their life. The relationsh ips should be maintained at all times and decisions made should be able to maintain them. These relationships are very important as they are the sources of happiness and they influence how the work is done and the quality that is maintained (Ericksen & Young, 1999).The perspective and mind set taken should put this relationships first and the business second. Businesses and work should be seen as ways of supporting the relationships. This mindset when grounded can help in the decision making process and ensure that the decision s that are made focus on maintaining these relationships above all else. Work should also be treated with respect and the family should also be advised to respect the business time and value it. The women should show the families the importance of the work and what it means to them.They should also strive to do everything they can to make the work succeed. When they treat the work with a lot of respect and value the families are also able to see this and they in turn develop the same respect and value in that business (Isidro, 2010). 3. 2 Developing a Schedule A schedule can be made that can help the women to manage the time effectively. The schedule when followed can help the women to allocate bounteous time for the family and the business and avoid conflicts.Regular working hours can be established and maintained and any unexpected occurrence of events can be divvy upd carefully and time compensated appropriately (Isidro, 2010). The schedule can also include frequent time breaks for the women to spend some time with the children during those breaks. The breaks can be used as a way of relaxing and spending time with the family and giving them undivided attention at this time. A schedule can also be made for the family vacations and weekends. Some women find it difficult to work when their families are at home during the summer and other holidays.Therefore a schedule can be made to include the time the family should take vacations and holidays together. The family can be involved in the making of the schedule to ensure that they are able to understand the importance of the vacation and the impact it has on the business (Business Women and Challenges of Work, Family, n. d). They will be able to offer their support and allow the women to work undisturbed and respect the working hours. 3. 3 Outsourcing and Delegating Women should not see themselves as super heroes and tend to take on all the activities of the business on their own.They can allocate some of the activities and tasks to some of the employees they can trust and then handle the more complex tasks. They can also outsource some of the work from other businesses to be able to save on time to spend with their families. They can stick to accomplishing only what they need to do on their own to ensure that the business remains productive. The faster they do their work the more time they have with their families. Getting a personal assistant when the business a ctivities increase can allow them to spend more time with their families and still be able to make the businesses successful.Through networking the women can be able to identify other businesses that can be able to handle some of the activities of their business and outsource it to them (Lake, Conway, & Whitney, 2005). 3. 4 Being Fit and Healthy A woman managing her own business should strive to keep herself goodish and fit to ensure that she is able to carry out the business and the family as well. She should stay healthy and take good care of herself in a way that she is able to take care of her family. If she is able to take care of herself then she will be more likely to be in a position to take care of her family.When working she should only take up jobs that do not occupation her mentally and physically. Once she feels that she is almost burning out she should relax and take a break. Prioritizing her activities and tasks should help her deal with only what is important. She should also learn to say no in certain circumstances and avoid feeling guilty when she says no. She should just strive to do her best and deal with her life one day at a time. She can also join support groups that can help her deal with some of the issues in her business. Such support groups can be identified through networks both in the community and online (Isidro, 2010). . 5 Match the Life Cycle and the Business Cycle Women entrepreneurs can seek to match the work cycle with that of the family in order to spend more time with them. They should not be in a hurry to accomplish so much in their business and forget their families (Gunelius, Challenges Facing Women in Business, n. d). They should instead work hard where they can and use the slow road since it will still get them there. They should also be gentle with themselves and come up with ways that will allow them to spend time with their families.The women can for example wake up early enough and perform some of the work that i s needed urgently in order to ensure that they are able to spend some time with their family during breakfast. They can also use the weekend to recover some of the time that is lost during the week as they also take a break. Another way to ensure that she is able to spend more time with the children is to work late at night when the children are asleep and it is quiet since they are able to concentrate more and accomplish more tasks then.During the day they can then spend the time with their children and play with them. The women can also avoid answering phone calls when they are spending time with their families or replying to email. When they are with their families they can switch off their mobile phones to avoid interrupting the time they are spending with their families (Isidro, 2010). 3. 6 Familys Commitment The family should be made to understand the importance of the business and how it is operated. Making them understand will ensure that they are supportive and committed to ensure that it is successful.It is important to teach them and let them know how the business is doing, whether the money is tight and when it is doing well. They can help and come up with ideas that can be used to improve and make it better and offer incorrupt support when things are not going well (Women entrepreneurs, n. d). The women should also consider the needs of their families and support them when they need the support (Isidro, 2010). Some of the needs of the family can be handled at a later time while others need urgent attention. Women should be able to identify some of the needs that are urgent and handle them immediately.Several minutes can be used to solve a problem and avoid severe consequences. The several minutes can also limn concern to the family and the issue at hand. This is importantly helpful as it helps strengthen the family relationships. Constant communication with the family should help the women identify issues that are affecting the family and the ne eds that they are going through. 4. 0 Conclusion Women are becoming more involved in the business environment and performing very well. They have opened up their own businesses out of ideas they have developed.From these ideas they have been able to generate a lot of money for the national economies and contributed significantly to the society. Their businesses are driven by the need to help and the desires and passion of these women. Despite the challenges the women have faced that are unique to the business environment, they have been able to overcome them through perseverance and a lot of hard work. The women who have made it are able to inspire and motivate the other women to come up and develop their own businesses and succeed. They have also become role models in their society and all over the world through their achievements and successes.