Central Product Classification - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2283 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Internet Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Central Product Classification (CPC) The Central Product Classification (CPC) comprises a comprehensive product classification covering goods and services. Therefore, one of the main characteristics of CPC as a general-purpose classification is that it provides less detail than the other specific categorization systems in areas or for applications for which such systems are obtainable. CPC is a classification that is proposed to play a fundamental role in relating different types of international economic classifications and to serve a variety of purposes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Central Product Classification" essay for you Create order The name Central Product Classification is intended to indicate that the purpose of CPC is to provide a framework for international comparison of various kinds of statistics dealing with goods, services and assets. Principally, CPC is intended to be used for different types of statistics, for instance, industrial statistics and national accounts, price statistics, foreign trade statistics (including trade in services) and balance-of-payments statistics. Another key characteristic of CPC is that it contains a description of services. No international classification of services covering the whole spectrum of outputs of heterogeneous service industries and serving the different analytical needs of the various types of statistics has been presented until now. Online Services Although many entrepreneurs would dispute that online services are of a new sui generis category, the least far-fetched assessment of many services should be that they are simply online processing services. Semantically, definition entails an online service which processes data or information with no output, type of content prejudged. WTO members themselves would barely reach a consensus over the question of where within the CPC system these new online services belong, although fourteen member states of WTO (including Hong Kong China (but not China itself), the EU, Japan, Korea and the US) have approved that all computer-related services ought to be defined somewhere within the chapter for telecom services. This proclamation is far from being universally acknowledged and the chapter still contains several of the above-mentioned categories under which many countries like China remain unbound.[1] However, other circumstances points most online services, and in particular search engines, to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“online processing servicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (CPC843) under which China et al, would be bound. The CPC classification system existed only in a draft, provisional version at the time of drafting of GATS or of the first accessions to the WTO, and members are only encouraged to align their national classifications with the international reference ones à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" there are no obligations or legal agreements forcing members of the UN or even the WTO as an organisation to do so, in the way it is mandatory to define commitments in trade in goods under the Harmonized System (HS). The speedy growth of the Internet and information technology (IT) has led to the growing electronic cross-border delivery of services.[2] Today, merchants of market research, advertising intermediaries, creative and advisory services toil with the Internet as with any other media. Advertising is vital for these companies to make earnings. Most countries, however, remain unbound with respect to advertising; and hence would not breach their WTO commitments if they implemented restrictions on advertising that discriminated against foreign suppliers. As per this, countries would not limit market access for websites, but would effectively strangle their revenue stream. They would therefore significantly reduce their countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attractiveness as a target market for online media, leaving their national online market entirely to domestic actors or others who comply fully with the censorship. Internet Censorship By requiring foreign Internet service providers and search engines to censor and filter political contents, governments simultaneously prevent users from participating in the international trading system as consumer-participants and inhibit users from exercising their freedom of expression.[3] The double-edge nature of censorship pressed Google and other commentators to argue that Internet censorship by governmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ in both political and cultural formsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ constitutes an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unfair trade barrier,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  leading them to appeal for actions through the international trading system.[4] Int ernet censoring or related requirements constitute trade barriers in breach of the most favored nation and national treatment obligations of the WTO General Agreement on Trade-in Services (GATS). The main concern posed by this proposition is that authoritarian governments can validate internet censorship measures under the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“public moralsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  exception of GATS Article XIV to protect legitimate domestic values.[5] Past Power Abuse User-generated activities include discussing and disseminating information, forming alliances and networks, waging protests and mobilizing for change, thus transforming political activism into economic activities. Any intervention in these political activities would not only disrupt and prevent social relationships and human interactions, but it would also interfere with international trade.[6] Such censorship of the Internet heavily influences the international trade system, because internet essentially functions as a trade p latform.[7] Traditionally, developed countries often use human rights arguments as an excuse for protectionism[8] or for asserting political powers to escape obligations under the WTO.[9] Under the garb of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“stability maintenance,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  China created the Golden Shield, also called the Great Firewall, a large multi-agency Internet censorship regime.[10] The Golden Shield filtered and censored à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sensitiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  keywords including à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Tiananmen Square,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Dalai Lama,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“democracy,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“human rights,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Jasmine,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and the likes. In April 2010, China adopted an amendment to the State Secrets Law requiring Internet and telecom companies to cooperate with the government on matters relating to national security by blocking transmission of defined state secrets, by alerting the government of possible breache s, and by suppressing content.[11] The Chinese government continued to hold a firm position in response to international pressure against such degree of censorship.[12] The Chinese Council of Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Information Bureau released the official White Paper on the Internet, justifying its repressive measures as essential to ensuring respect for local laws and maintaining stability. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Public Moralsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in Trade and Human Rights: Moral Here but Not There? The augment of Internet censorship, against the merging of political activism and consumer-participant trade activities, must at least imply re-examining the linkage of trade and human rights values. Formulation of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Public Moralsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The WTOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“public moralsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  exception is embodied in several key regulations,[13] while the concept is interpreted and given meaning by the WTOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (Dispute Settlement Understanding or DSU).[14] In order to determine the possibility of linkage, it is necessary to examine the authority and equivalent capacity of the DSU adjudicating bodies to interpret the GATS Article XIV(a). This method allows the WTO to address an elementary flaw in the public international law system and particularly in human rights lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the lack of an effective enforcement mechanism. However, in doing so, the adjudicating bodies must assure that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“recommendations and rulings of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) cannot add to or diminish the rights and obligations provided in the covered agreements.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  There is no mechanism for integrating diverse legal rules, e.g., in situations of conflicting interpretations or conflict of law.[15] The limited body of law applicable to the WTO dispute resolution[16] and the lack of linkage mechanisms led to substantive probl ems. For example, questions often arose when particular conduct was restricted by WTO regulations but, at the same time, required under non-WTO law; or alternatively, WTO law permitted conduct that would otherwise be forbidden under domestic or other international law. The question that has emerged from Internet censorship belongs to the latter: Does the WTO permit conduct that seeks to violate international human rights law as justified by the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“public moralà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  exception? To answer such a question, the values that constitute à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“public moralsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  must first be determined, as set forth in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Article XX and GATS Article XIV.[17] The WTO regulations prohibit members from raising trade barriers as protectionist measures.[18] However, China and other regimes that engage in Internet censorship, restrictions, and private information demands could justify their measures under the general exce ption clause for social concerns recognized by GATS.[19] GATS Art. XIV(a) permits otherwise illegal measures when they are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“necessary to protect public morals or to maintain public order.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [20] Conclusion The Internet creates an open forum that assists human interaction in a pragmatic and comprehensive manner, economically, politically, and socially. As of 2011, the number of people who use the internet are approximately 2,267,233,742 out of approximately seven billion people worldwide.[21] Any meddling affecting such magnitude requires a serious reconsideration of all available international legal institutions and instruments to determine ways in which these already existing institutions might build capacity. Although censorship is a trade barrier and a contravention of human rights, it can be warranted under both the WTO general exceptions clause.[22] Due to the similarity between and relatedness of these à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“public moralsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  exceptions, a narrow and mutually beneficial linkage can be formed. [1] World Trade Organization, TN/S/W/38 [2] Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). [3] See International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights arts. 18, 22, Dec. 16, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171 [hereinafter ICCPR]. The violation of the freedom of expression on the Internet also violates other rights protected by the ICCPR, including those addressed in Article 18, the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, and Article 22, freedom of association with others. . arts. 18, 22. [4] See Bob Boorstin, Promoting Free Trade for the Internet Economy, GOOGLE PUBLIC POLICY BLOG (Nov. 15, 2010, 10:07 A.M.), https://googlepublicpolicy.blogspot.com/2010/11/promoting-free-trade-for-internet.html; see also Google, the Internet and China: A Nexus Between Human Rights and Trade: Hearing Before the Congressional Executive Comm. on China, 111th Cong. 6-8 (2010) (testimony of Ed Black); Tim Wu, The World Trade Law of Internet Filtering, 7 CHI. J. INTà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢L L. 263, 270-87 (2006) [hereinafter Wu, Internet Filtering] (discussing censorship as a trade barrier); Brian Hindley Hosuk Lee-Makiyama, Protectionism Online: Internet Censorship and International Trade Law 2, 19 (ECIPE, Working Paper No. 12/2009, 2009); EUR. PARL. DOC. (INI 2185) (2007) (taking a similar stance, the European Parliament passed a resolution treating Internet censorship as a trade barrier: European Parliament resolution of 19 February 2008 on the EUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Strategy to deliver market access for European companies). [5] See Wu, Internet Filtering; see Hindley Lee-Makiyama, [6] See Khaled Y. Oweis, Syria Blocks Facebook in Internet Crackdown, THOMSON REUTERS (Nov. 23, 2007), https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/11/23/us-syria-facebook-idUSOWE37285020071123 (discussing the Syriansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ use of Facebook to communicate with relatives and friends abroad; Facebook also assisted civil society in Syria to form civic groups outside gover nments). [7] See Opening Welcome: The State of the Internet Industry, IT CONVERSATIONS (Oct. 5, 2004), https://itc.conversationsnetwork.org/shows/detail270.html [hereinafter Opening Welcome]. [8] See ERNST-ULRICH PETERSMANN, CONSTITUTIONAL FUNCTIONS AND CONSTITUTIONAL PROBLEM OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW: INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC FOREIGN TRADE LAW AND FOREIGN TRADE AND FOREIGN TRADE POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES, THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND SWITZERLAND 100-12 (1991) (offering characteristics of the new protectionism). [9] See Christine Breining-Kaufmann, The Legal Matrix of Human Rights and Trade Law: State Obligations Versus Private Rights and Obligations, in HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE, 234-35 (Cottier et. al. eds., 2005) (offering a brief introduction about proliferation and core issues of trade verses human rights debate and noting that WTO members are reluctant to approach trade while accounting for human rights). [10] See OPENNET INITIATIVE, INTERNET FILTE RING IN CHINA 10 (2009), avaliable at https://opennet.net/sites/opennet.net/files/ONI_China_2009.pdf; see also Internet Enemies, [11] See STRATFOR GLOBAL INTELLIGENCE, CHINA SECURITY MEMO (Apr. 29, 2010); Huazhong Wang Xing Wang, Police to Work with Phone, Internet Providers, CHINA DAILY, Apr. 27, 2010 [12] See INFO. OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, THE INTERNET IN CHINA IV (Jun. 8, 2005), https://www.china.org.ch/government/whitepaper/node_7093508.htm [hereinafter WHITE PAPER]. [13] See General Agreement on Trade in Services art. XIV(a), Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1B, 1869 U.N.T.S. 183 [hereinafter GATS]; see also GATT, , art. XX(a); Agreement on Government Procurement art. XXIII(2), Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 4B, 1915 U.N.T.S. 103; Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) art. 2 7(2), Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, 1869 U.N.T.S. 299. [14] See Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes, art. 3.2, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 2, 33 I.L.M 1125 [hereinafter DSU]. [15] See Joel P. Trachtman, The Domain of WTO Dispute Resolution, 40 HARV. INTà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢L L.J. 333, 338 (1999). [16] See David Palmeter Petros C. Mavroidis, The WTO Legal System: Sources of Law, 92 AM. J. INTà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢L L. 398, 399 (1998) (arguing that the texts of the WTO agreements à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“do not exhaust the sources of potentially relevant lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ). Palmeter and Mavroidis refer to articles 3(2) and 7 of the DSU as the ostensible basis for incorporation of non-WTO international law. However, these provisions refer only to interpretation of relevant provisions of WTO agreements à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“in accordance with cust omary rules of interpretation of public international law.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  see also Thomas J. Schoenbaum, WTO Dispute Settlement: Praise and Suggestions for Reform, 47 INTà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢L COMP. L.Q. 647, 653 (1998); Appellate Body Report and Panel Report, United Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, 17, WT/DS2/9 (May 20, 1996) [hereinafter U.S.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Gasoline] (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“[T]he General Agreement is not to be read in clinical isolation from public international law.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ). [17] GATS Article XIV and GATT Article XX will be used interchangeably in this discussion for the simplification of case law analysis that derives from disputes under the GATT. [18] See Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Apr. 15, 1994, 1867 U.N.T.S. 154 [hereinafter Marrakesh Agreement]. [19] For a discussion of whether GATS applies to online services, such as search engines like Google, and to other networking and news media sites, see Wu, Internet Filterin,; Hindley Lee-Makiyama, supra note 10, at 5-13. [20] GATS, Art. XVII [21] Usage and Population Statistics, INTERNET WORLD STATS (Dec. 31, 2011), https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm (last visited Oct. 15, 2012). [22] See generally Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights and World Trade Agreements: Using General Exception Clauses to Protect Human Rights, U.N. Doc. HR/PUB/05/5 (Nov. 2005), available at https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/WTOen.pdf (discussing the use of general exception clauses in WTO agreements).

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The Decline Of American Education - 1251 Words

Jessica Hollis Mr. Wichmann English III, Period 4 17 November 2014 The Decline of American Education The future of society depends on the education of the children in the present generation. The American board of education means well by setting standards for the students in the nation. However, is it more important for students to be excellent test takers or excel in the classroom? Is it more important to accept average work as the standard or to push students to surpass their potential? The downfall of American education is a result of the narrow minded focus on standardized testing, the nation’s lazy culture, and rising poverty levels. The dependence on standardized tests has depreciated education by taking attention away from school curriculum. These mandatory tests, unfortunately, â€Å"are being used in high-stakes ways to evaluate and punish teachers† (Strauss). Standardized tests create quotas that are required to be met and force teachers to teach students how to pass tests rather than learn the material of the subject. It is n ot enough these days that a teacher’s students perform well in the classroom; teachers also have to worry about the same students performing well on a standardized test. Schools are also affected by these tests because their rankings are based on their students’ scores. Consequently, this puts pressure on teachers to make sure students have good test taking abilities in order to score well on these standardized tests. This obsession with gettingShow MoreRelatedComprehensive Preparation For A Complete Life1068 Words   |  5 PagesCurrently, there are two forms of education focused on reducing teen pregnancies: abstinence-only education and comprehensive sex education with birth control. 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Communication in Organisation for Emotion - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCommunication in Organisation for Emotion. Answer: Introduction: Interpersonal communication is the way people exchange information and communicates with each other. It is the way one exchanges his or her feelings, emotion and meaning through verbal or non-verbal means. Face to face communication is the best suitable communication means to communicate with people. However, in the contemporary situation of technological advancement, the communication process has become more linear and easier (Knapp et al. 2014). The purpose of this report is to identify the communication issues identified in an organization and analyze the issue with respect to a number of communication models and theories. Based on the analysis, certain recommendations will be made that would help the restaurant to combat against the challenges that the organization is facing in the contemporary time. Communication Issue Identified: The interviewer revealed that he is the owner of a hotel and he is responsible for all kinds of activities that take place in the hotel. However, he is not the only member but there are three other partners of the business as well. They have 5 restaurant in the country branched in Sydney and Canberra. Therefore, the responsibility for them is huge. In order to get the work going on, it is equally important to carry out communication in the right way and on a regular basis. However, the issue that has been identified in the lack of proper communication in the organization that at times leads to the situation where the organizational activities hamper. In addition to this, lack of proper communication also creates major dispute among the members as well. Methodology of the Research: The methodology selected for the purpose of this study is both primary research and secondary research. For the secondary research, the findings of the study rely on the relevant concepts and theories of interpersonal communication. Deductive research approach has been undertaken for the purpose of carrying out the study because the research is based on the already existing theories and concepts on interpersonal communication (Taylor et al. 2015). The analysis research design has been selected where an in depth analysis of the existing theories have been conducted in order to understand the perspective of the theories (Flick 2015). For the primary research, interview has been taken of a restaurant owner. The interview was the main element of the research based on which the complete discussion has to be made. Thus, a mixed research methodology has been undertaken for the purpose of the research. Relevant Theories: As stated by Fussell and Kreuz (2014), for the success of the organizational activities, it depends on communication among the people. If the scenario of the organization facing communication issues is taken into consideration, it has to be said that the partners of the organization do not live in the same place and thus, there remains the chance that communication issues would occur (Goodboy and Kashy 2017). In this respect, the Uncertainty Reduction theory can be discussed. According to this theory, it is important to communicate with people in order to reduce uncertainty among the people (Berger 2014). The theory asserts that at the time of interaction, people need to gain information. In order to predict the behavior of the people, it is important to communicate with them. If the communication process is not developed in the right manner, there might take place certain cognitive stress as well. Relational dialectics is the interpersonal communication theory that highlights the relationship between two contrary personalities. It is the value based version of the philosophical dialectics. According to this theory, there are a number of assumptions that are undertaken during the communication process (Connor et al. 2016). It is an important point of consideration that contradiction in the communication is a common phenomenon and the process of communication should focuses on the part that would create better opportunities for the people to communicate with each other. Findings: As it has been evident from the interview that the partners of the organization do not reside at the same place and this is the reason that at times, they face communication issues. As evident from the intercultural communication theory as well, it is important to communicate properly in order to avoid any kind of uncertainty in terms of behavior or cognition. Therefore, it is highly recommended to improve the interpersonal communication with the people of the organization. As argued by Mojzisch et al. (2014), that in order to carry out effective communication in the organization, it is equally important that the members should also have the proper inter personal communication skills as well. Interpersonal communication skills enable a person to communicate with others easily and reduce the chances of any uncertainty that creates problems and issues in an organization. Interpretation and Analysis: With the overall analysis, it can be said that the business of the hotel has been running smoothly but there are certain lack of communication that is creating hindrance in achieving the major organizational goals and objectives (Guerrero 2014). Therefore, the partners need to focus on the communication process. Major organizations always focus on the communication that takes place in an organization. Therefore, it shall be the primary concern for nay organization. In the process of communication, contradiction is also common but it shall depend on the individuals to consider the various factors that actually hamper the overall communication activities. It is expected that if the organization undertakes the right approach, it would prosper in its organizational functions. Conclusion: It has been clearly evident that the organization has been doing well in terms of its business. However, at many times they face communication related issues because the partners of the hotel reside in different places that make it challenging for them to communicate with each other. A detailed analysis on the major communication theories and models has also been conducted. It has been found that major scholars and researchers have the similar view that one of the major components of organizational activity is high level of communication and it is when one fails to communicate properly, the organization has to suffer. Therefore, keeping the various situations into consideration, certain useful recommendations can be made. Recommendations: It has been found that the people of the organization have organized themselves well considering the situation. However, at times the partners face communication issues. Therefore, certain recommendations can be made in this respect. Primarily, it is important that the members call for meetings at least once in a week. For this purpose, video calls and conference methods can be used. Each of the members is responsible for presenting their point of view towards a particular issue. It is when the members clear out their part of concern it is expected that others would participate in the communication process and a particular decision can be made. Aaprt from meetings, it is important that whatever steps one take, that should be communicated to other partners as well in the least possible time to avoid any kind of confusion among them. The partners could frame a companys policy related to the communication that each of the partners should have to communicate irrespective of any kind of i ssue and that if any member fails to attend the meeting without proper reason, the person can be penalized as well. References: Berger, C.R. ed., 2014.Interpersonal communication(Vol. 6). Walter de Gruyter GmbH Co KG. Connor, P., Harris, E., Guy, S., Fernando, J., Shank, D.B., Kurz, T., Bain, P.G. and Kashima, Y., 2016. Interpersonal communication about climate change: how messages change when communicated through simulated online social networks.Climatic Change,136(3-4), pp.463-476. Flick, U., 2015.Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Fussell, S.R. and Kreuz, R.J., 2014.Social and cognitive approaches to interpersonal communication. Psychology Press. Goodboy, A.K. and Kashy, D.A., 2017. Forum: Interpersonal Communication in Instructional Settings: Interpersonal Communication Research in Instructional Contexts: A Dyadic Approach.Communication Education,66(1), pp.113-115. Guerrero, L.K., 2014. Interpersonal functions of nonverbal communication.Interpersonal Communication,6, p.53. Knapp, M.L., Vangelisti, A.L. and Caughlin, J.P., 2014.Interpersonal Communication Human Relationships. Pearson Higher Ed. Mojzisch, A., Kerschreiter, R., Faulmller, N., Vogelgesang, F. and Schulz-Hardt, S., 2014. The consistency principle in interpersonal communication: Consequences of preference confirmation and disconfirmation in collective decision making.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,106(6), p.961. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015.Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Wood, J.T., 2015.Interpersonal communication: Everyday encounters. Nelson Education.